Alex Hillenbrand is an assistant editor for 

. She earned her BA in English from Lafayette College in 2023 and went on to write for pop culture, entertainment, and sports media outlets before joining MJH Life Sciences in 2025. In her free time, Alex enjoys cooking, going on walks, and meeting new people. Contact her at mjhlifesciences.com.

Elevated body mass index (BMI) and low physical activity may be major, modifiable contributors to the rising global burden of 

New analysis quantified HT-CKD burden attributable to both risk factors from 1990 to 2021 and projected the possibility of increasing trends in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and deaths through 2050 for this patient population.

“Elevated BMI is the dominant metabolic driver of hypertension-CKD burden, with physical inactivity playing a significant role,” wrote study investigators, Yujia Wang, MD, from the Department of Nephrology, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, and colleagues. “This burden demonstrates pronounced demographic and geographic disparities, highlighting the need for urgent, targeted public health interventions to combat obesity and promote physical activity.”

Hypertension remains one of the leading modifiable contributors to adverse renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with CKD. The relationship between CKD and hypertension is synergistic: uncontrolled blood pressure accelerates intraglomerular hypertension, glomerulosclerosis, and tubulointerstitial injury, thereby promoting progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD), while declining renal function further exacerbates hypertension.

Elevated BMI and low physical activity can further increase hypertension-related renal injury through mechanisms including renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation, sodium retention, and chronic low-grade inflammation, collectively increasing the global burden of HT-CKD.

Investigators conducted a retrospective analysis using data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 study. Outcomes included deaths, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and age-standardized rates (ASRs) of HT-CKD attributable to elevated BMI and low physical activity.

“This study represented the first comprehensive global burden assessment of HT-CKD attributable to two pivotal modifiable metabolic risk factors—elevated BMI and low physical activity—from 1990 to 2021, with projections to 2050,” wrote Wang and colleagues.

In 2021, investigators observed HT-CKD attributable to elevated BMI resulted in an estimated 179,788 deaths (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 91,323–260,251), accounting for 0.26% of global deaths. The corresponding age-standardized death rate was 2.19 (95% UI, 1.11–3.19) per 100,000 population. Investigators also reported 4,257,037 DALYs (95% UI, 2,119,854–6,136,203), representing 6.17% of global DALYs, with an age-standardized DALY rate of 50.11 (95% UI, 25.00–72.49) per 100,000 population.

Globally, investigators noted substantial geographic heterogeneity in the burden of HT-CKD attributable to elevated BMI (Figure 1). Among all regions, the Americas recorded the highest absolute number of deaths, totaling 66,801 (95% UI, 36,624–90,568).

From 1990 to 2021, investigators observed a marked rise in deaths from HT-CKD attributable to elevated BMI, increasing from 36,476 to 179,788 cases—a 392.89% increase. Over the same period, the age-standardized death rate increased by 100.92%. DALYs rose from 1,008,372 in 1990 to 4,257,037 in 2021, representing a 322.17% increase, while the age-standardized DALY rate increased from 26.04 to 50.11 (92.43%). Investigators reported significant upward trends in global age-standardized death rates and DALYs, with estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) of 3.38% (95% CI, 2.99–3.78) for death rates and 2.97% (95% CI, 2.7–3.23) for DALYs.

In sex-specific analyses, investigators observed consistent annual increases in both deaths and DALYs attributable to elevated BMI among male and female individuals. Among males, deaths increased from 17,805 (95% UI, 8,034–30,806) in 1990 to 88,941 (95% UI, 44,216–131,308) in 2021. Among females, deaths rose from 18,671 (95% UI, 9,115–28,969) to 90,847 (95% UI, 47,294–131,912) over the same period.

Upon age-stratified analyses, investigators observed progressively increasing deaths and DALYs attributable to elevated BMI beginning at age 40 years and peaking in older age groups in 2021. Mortality peaked in the 85–89 age group for both sexes. Male deaths exceeded female deaths through the 75–79 age group, after which females exhibited higher mortality rates in individuals aged ≥80 years.

Using autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) and exponential smoothing (ES) models, investigators projected future trends in HT-CKD attributable to elevated BMI from 2022 to 2050 (Figure 6). The ARIMA model predicted continued increases in deaths and DALYs for both men (65.43% and 77.71%, respectively) and women (75.54% and 90.07%, respectively). Age-standardized rates were also projected to rise among men by 35.18% for deaths and 39.06% for DALYs.

Investigators clarify current estimates and future projections should account for data limitations, regional uncertainty, and potential changes in risk exposure and healthcare trends.

Lin X, Miao K, Huang K, Xu Y, Wang Y. Global burden and trends of hypertension-related chronic kidney disease attributable to high body mass index or low physical activity: an analysis based on global burden of disease study 2021 data. 

https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2025.1701077

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. High blood pressure & kidney disease. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Published March 2020. 

https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/high-blood-pressure

Articles

New research identifies elevated BMI and low physical activity as significant modifiable contributors to the global burden of hypertension-related chronic kidney disease (HT-CKD). The study analyzed data from 1990 to 2021, projecting trends in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and deaths through 2050. Elevated BMI emerged as the primary metabolic driver, with physical inactivity also playing a crucial role. The findings underscore the need for targeted public health interventions to address obesity and promote physical activity, given the pronounced demographic and geographic disparities in HT-CKD burden.

Global analysis links elevated BMI and low physical activity to rising hypertension-related chronic kidney disease burden, with deaths projected to increase through 2050.


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Elevated BMI and Physical Inactivity Drive Rising Global Hypertension-CKD Burden

Tim Smith joined the MJH Life Sciences team in 2022 and is currently an associate editor for HCPLive. He is also the executive producer of two podcasts: Skin of Color Savvy and The Medical Sisterhood. Previously, he was the producer of the Lungcast podcast. He graduated from UC Berkeley and worked in multimedia journalism as a staff writer prior to joining MJH. You can contact him at tsmith@mjhlifesciences.com.

Ethnicity and skin phototype have been shown not to independently impact pediatric patients’ 

 severity level or quality of life (QoL), new data suggest, although cultural factors such as caregiver concerns are strongly linked with perceived disease burden.

These new data were drawn from a study authored by investigators such as Samuel Morriss, MD, of The Royal Children's Hospital in Melbourne, Australia. In their analysis, Morriss et al noted the value of ethnic diversity as a consideration in healthcare research, given Australia's multicultural population.

Additionally, they highlighted the limited information previously available on ethnic differences in QoL and eczema severity, despite the significant impact of atopic dermatitis on children with moderate to severe disease.

“Previous international studies have shown racial and ethnic differences in the epidemiology of AD, with non-Caucasian children having higher incidence and prevalence,” Morriss and colleagues wrote.

 “This multicentre study investigates the potential influence of ethnicity on eczema severity and quality of life in paediatric patients.

Morriss et al worked on this analysis in the period between August - November 2024, using prospective observational study design. They aimed to essentially describe and compare atopic dermatitis severity level and QoL outcomes between groups, measuring via the Infants’ Dermatitis Quality of Life Index (IDQOL) and the Children’s Dermatology Life Quality Index (CDLQI).

Among their secondary aims, the investigators sought to explore any relationships between ethnicity and concerns connected to childrens’ condition or use of treatment, any caregiver-specific management practices, and views on disease burden. This assessment implemented a purpose-built eczema concerns questionnaire. Morriss and coauthors conducted their research within a pair of Australian tertiary pediatric centers: The Royal Children’s Hospital (RCH) in Melbourne and Perth Children’s Hospital (PCH).

Those recruited for the study were children between the ages of 0 - 16 years with an eczema diagnosis. They were enrolled from dermatology outpatient clinics at the aforementioned locations. Caregivers were asked to fill out either the CDLQI or IDQOL, depending on their child’s age, along with the eczema concerns questionnaire. Self-identification of ethnicity was based on Australian Bureau of Statistics categories.

Morriss and colleagues noted clinicians had evaluated atopic dermatitis severity via the Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI). The investigative team also utilized multivariable linear regression models for the purposes of examining any associations, adjusting for age, hospital site, and level of patient disease severity.

There were 147 children involved in the final analysis. The team pointed to comparable numbers recruited from both hospitals (n = 71, n = 76). Among those taking part as subjects, the median age was 2.0 years (interquartile range [IQR], 0.8–5.5). Morriss and colleagues noted, between both centers, a lack of notable age distribution differences. Males accounted for 56% of the study cohort, and the majority of children (90%) had been born within Australia.

Findings on Ethnicity’s Impact on Eczema

Between both centers, Morriss et al noted differences in patients’ ethnic composition, highlighting the more common enrollment of patients identified as South-Eastern or North-Eastern (SE/NE) Asian at PCH (21%). This was compared with RCH, at a rate of 8.5%. Participants of Oceanian background were noted to have represented more than 50% of the study population at both  of the hospitals. Oceanian ethnicity was shown to be most common when ethnicity was described by maternal background (35%). This was then followed by South Central Asian (26%) and SE/NE Asian (21%).

The investigative team pointed to comparable median EASI scores between the 2 centers. They also highlighted a median score of 5 at RCH and 4 at PCH. In contrast, the team noted substantial QoL impairment among children seen at RCH, where the median DLQI was 10.0, as opposed to the score of 5.0 seen at PCH (

 < .001). Such a distinction was described by the investigators as likely suggesting increased burden reported by newly referred patients at RCH prior to optimization of their medication.

When outcomes were stratified by patient-reported ethnicity, a lack of statistically significant differences were observed in either severity of disease or QoL measures. Median EASI scores were noted by Morriss and coauthors as 5 (IQR 2–11) for Oceanian children, 4 (IQR 1–12) in the SE/NE Asian arm, 6 (IQR 3–10) in the South Central Asian arm, and 5 (IQR 2–8) in those classified as Other. Corresponding median QoL scores were shown to be 6 (IQR 4–11), 8 (IQR 5–11), 9 (IQR 4–11), and 6 (IQR 2–12), respectively.

“In this study cohort, ethnicity and skin phototype did not independently influence eczema severity or QoL,” they concluded.

 “Cultural factors including treatment preferences and caregiver concerns were strongly associated with perceived disease burden and there was discordance between EASI and QoL scores in some ethnic groups.”

Limitations highlighted by the investigators included unequal distribution of ethnicity, relatively modest sample size, unequal ethnic representation, and varying ways of recruitment between sites.

Yap M, Morriss S, Rodrigues M, et al. An Exploratory Study of Eczema Severity and Quality of Life in Paediatric Atopic Dermatitis Across Ethnic Groups. Australas J Dermatol. 2026 Jan 9. 

Leung DY. Atopic dermatitis: Age and race do matter! J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015 Nov;136(5):1265-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.09.011. PMID: 26549637.

Ethnicity and skin phototype do not independently affect the severity or quality of life in pediatric atopic dermatitis patients. However, cultural factors, such as caregiver concerns, significantly influence perceived disease burden. A study conducted in Australian pediatric centers found no significant differences in eczema severity or quality of life across ethnic groups. The research utilized the Eczema Area and Severity Index and quality of life indices, revealing that cultural factors, rather than ethnicity, play a crucial role in perceived disease burden. Limitations include unequal ethnic distribution and modest sample size.

Both ethnicity and skin phototype were found in this analysis not to independently influence patients’ level of atopic dermatitis severity or their quality of life (QoL).

Atopic Dermatitis

Atopic Dermatitis condition center page, audiences can find a variety of coverage mediums for medical news and updates, including articles, video interviews, podcasts, and breaking news on dermatitis research, treatment, and drug development.

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The HCPLive dermatology page is a resource for medical news and expert insights on skin disease. This page features expert-led coverage, articles, videos and research on the therapies and development of treatments for dermatologic conditions, and more.

Pediatric Eczema Severity, Quality of Life Not Influenced by Phototype, Ethnicity

Sayna Norouzi, MD, is an assistant professor of medicine, clinical nephrologist, and founder and director of the glomerular disease and polycystic kidney disease clinics at Loma Linda University Medical Center.

Chee Kay Cheung MBChB PhD, is a consultant nephrologist and honorary senior lecturer at the University of Leicester.

Evolving Therapeutic Strategies and Real-World Application in IgAN

This episode focuses on translating clinical evidence into everyday treatment decisions. The panel emphasizes that the expanding therapeutic landscape requires individualized care, balancing disease severity, patient comorbidities, and willingness to engage in ongoing monitoring. They discuss how clinicians might choose between targeted-release budesonide, dual endothelin/angiotensin receptor blockade (e.g., sparsentan), and B-cell modulators, depending on proteinuria level, risk of progression, and tolerance profiles. Real-world considerations such as clinic workflow, infusion vs. injection preferences, and patient adherence are highlighted. The group stresses the importance of shared decision-making, noting that treatment choices are not solely algorithmic but influenced by patient goals and lifestyle. They conclude that as more agents become available, clinicians must be prepared to sequence and adjust therapy over time, rather than relying on a single long-term intervention.

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This episode focuses on translating clinical evidence into everyday treatment decisions.

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Chelsie Derman is an associate editor for 

who covers psychiatry, sleep medicine, geriatrics, migraine, and allergy. She joined MJH Life Sciences in September 2023 after graduating from The College of New Jersey with a bachelor’s degree in journalism and professional writing. In her free time, she enjoys creative writing and reading.

A post-marketing analysis of > 2 decades of 

 adverse event reports suggests that epinephrine, while foundational to 

 management, may be associated with a broader and partially unrecognized safety profile.

 Using US FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) data from 2004 to 2024, investigators identified thousands of epinephrine-related reports, with strong signals for injection-site reactions and perceived drug ineffectiveness, as well as rare cardiovascular and neurologic events not reflected in current labeling.

“To our knowledge, this is the first investigation to assess the relationship between epinephrine usage and associated AEs under real-world conditions,” wrote study investigator Binglin Yan, from the department of emergency medicine at the 971st Hospital of the People’s Liberation Army Navy, in China, and colleagues.

 “It is noteworthy that we identify several novel AE signals, including myocardial stunning, systolic anterior motion of mitral valve, left ventricle outflow tract obstruction, harlequin syndrome, injection site nerve damage, and injection site movement impairment.”

Epinephrine, a non-selective alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist, raises heart rate and contractility, constricts blood vessels, and relaxes bronchial muscles, making it essential for anaphylaxis, cardiac arrest, severe asthma, and hypotensive shock.

According to the Cleveland Clinic, known adverse events for epinephrine include anxiety, dizziness, headache, heart palpitations, muscle weakness, nausea, sweating, tremors, vomiting, and loss of color on the eyelid lining, inner mouth, or nails.

 Despite decades of use, epinephrine’s rare adverse events have remained largely undefined.

FAERS serves as a pharmacovigilance database, collecting real-world drug safety data, and allows for a thorough evaluation of epinephrine’s safety by analyzing reported adverse reactions.

The database includes demographic and administrative information, report sources, drug information, indications for use, drug therapy start and end times, adverse events, and patient outcomes.

The team identified 9262 FAERS reports listing epinephrine as the primary suspected drug, with signals observed across 24 system organ classes and 264 significant preferred terms.

 The reports included more females than males (50.39% vs 32.39%) and individuals aged 18 – 44 years (17.56%). Most reports came from consumers (44.57%), mostly submitted by medical experts (49.73%), and in the United States (61.27%), followed by Canada (4.73%), the UK (2.61%), Japan (2.44%), and Australia (1.75%).

Reports peaked in 2017 (14.05%) and 2021 (10.94). Adverse events were reported most with epinephrine administered intramuscularly (15.17%), followed by intravenous (6.72% and subcutaneous (3.35%). The most common severe outcome was initial or prolonged hospitalization (25.96%), and the most reported indication was an anaphylactic reaction (16.01%).

The most frequently reported systems were general disorders and administration site conditions (n = 6112), injury, poisoning, and procedural complications (n = 4287), cardiac disorders (n = 2454), nervous system disorders (n = 1609), and investigations (n = 1285). Investigators observed 300 cases of stress cardiomyopathy, 33 cases of vasoconstriction, 14 cases of vasospasm, and 10 cases of hypertension.

At the preferred-term level, drug ineffectiveness was the most frequently reported (n = 1867), followed by accidental exposure to product (n = 952) and drug hypersensitivity (n = 668). The strongest safety signal was observed for injection-site ischemia (n = 39), injection-site pallor (n = 132), and medical device site laceration (n = 9).

The study noted several adverse events not listed in the current epinephrine labeling, including myocardial stunning, systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve, left ventricle outflow tract obstruction, harlequin syndrome, injection site nerve damage, and injection site movement impairment. On average, adverse events occurred the same day as epinephrine administration (interquartile range [IQR], 0 – 0 days), with 69.45% experiencing events < 24 hours.

“Our findings corroborate previously recognized adverse reactions documented on the drug’s labeling information, and notably, we identified several previously unreported adverse event signals,” investigators concluded.

 “These newly discovered signals provide valuable guidance and a solid foundation for future in-depth research.”

Yan B, Xiao Q, Jiang Y. Post-marketing safety assessment of epinephrine: an analysis of the US FDA adverse event reporting system. 

. 2025;12:1727631. Published 2025 Dec 18. 

Epinephrine Injection. Cleveland Clinic. Accessed January 13, 2026. 

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/drugs/20064-epinephrine-injection

A comprehensive analysis of over two decades of FDA adverse event reports reveals a broader safety profile for epinephrine, a critical drug in anaphylaxis management. The study identified thousands of epinephrine-related reports, highlighting injection-site reactions, perceived drug ineffectiveness, and rare cardiovascular and neurologic events not currently reflected in labeling. Novel adverse event signals, such as myocardial stunning and harlequin syndrome, were discovered. The findings underscore the need for further research to better understand epinephrine's safety profile and guide future clinical practice.

Analysis of > 9,000 FDA reports highlights previously unrecognized adverse events, including myocardial stunning, nerve damage, and real-world drug ineffectiveness.

Allergy

Allergy condition center page is a comprehensive resource for clinical news and insights on allergic and inflammatory diseases. This page consists of interviews, articles, podcasts, and videos on the research, treatment and development of therapies for food and seasonal allergies, as well as allergic asthma and related conditions.

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The HCPLive anaphylaxis page is a comprehensive resource for clinical news and insights on acute allergic reactions. This page consists of interviews, articles, podcasts, and videos on the research, treatment and development of therapies for preventing anaphylaxis, and more.

20 Years of FDA Data Reveal Previously Unrecognized Epinephrine Risks

2025 KDIGO Guideline Update for IgAN

The KDIGO 2025 guidelines update emphasizes a more aggressive approach to treating IgA Nephropathy. The experts highlight key changes, including recognizing a broader range of patients as high-risk and lowering the proteinuria threshold for intervention to 500 milligrams. The guidelines now advocate for earlier biopsy and more comprehensive treatment strategies.

The panelists stress the importance of ambitious treatment goals, including reducing eGFR decline to less than one milliliter per minute per year and targeting proteinuria below 0.5 grams daily, ideally below 0.3 grams. The panel agrees that these goals were unimaginable just five years ago.

The guidelines recommend simultaneous treatment approaches, moving away from sequential therapies. They encourage targeting multiple disease mechanisms, including supportive care and immunological interventions. The experts emphasize the need to treat IgA Nephropathy as a lifelong condition, with the ultimate goal of protecting kidney function and avoiding dialysis.

The KDIGO 2025 guidelines update emphasizes a more aggressive approach to treating IgA Nephropathy.

Jennifer Manne-Goehler, MD, is a physician in the division of infectious diseases at Brigham and Women’s Hospital and the department of medicine at Mass General Brigham.

Manne-Goehler discusses a recent study highlighting the scope and scale at which GLP-1 receptor agonists can reduce obesity and its associated risks.

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1 in 4 Adults Worldwide Eligible for GLP-1 Treatment for Obesity, With Jennifer Manne-Goehler, MD

Investigators ranked the short-term effectiveness of 4 oral JAKis, upadacitinib, abrocitinib, baricitinib, and ivarmacitinib in moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis.

Upadacitinib Outperforms 4 JAK Inhibitors in Atopic Dermatitis Meta-Analysis

CMTX-101 met safety endpoints in a phase 1b/2a cystic fibrosis study, with meaningful reductions in inflammatory biomarkers and pulmonary Pseudomonas aeruginosa burden.

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Pulmonary Fibrosis

CMTX-101 Shows Safety and Bacterial Reductions in Cystic Fibrosis Trial

The FDA has extended its review of the sNDA, delaying the previous January 13, 2026, PDUFA date, to April 13, 2026.



Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis

The HCPLive focal segmental glomerulosclerosis page is a resource for medical news and expert insights on FSGS. This page features expert-led coverage, articles, videos and research on the therapies and development of treatments in FSGS, and more. 

FDA News

FDA Extends Sparsentan (Filspari) sNDA Review for Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis

Abigail Brooks is an assistant managing editor for 

She joined MJH Life Sciences in August 2023 shortly after graduating from Monmouth University where she earned her BA in Communication with a concentration in Public Relations/Journalism and later an MA in Interactive Digital Media. She enjoys traveling, running, and reading books. She can be reached at abrooks@mjhlifesciences.com.

An FDA review found no increased risk of SI/B associated with the use of GLP-1 RA medications, including liraglutide, semaglutide, and tirzepatide.

FDA Requests Removal of Suicidal Ideation and Behavior Warning From GLP-1 RA Therapies

Open-label RCT findings suggest a short-term, calorie-restrictive diet may be an effective intervention for mild and moderate Crohn’s disease.

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Gastroenterology condition center page is a comprehensive resource for clinical news and insights on digestive and GI conditions. This page consists of interviews, articles, podcasts, and videos on the research, treatment and development of therapies for 

, IBS and IBD, Crohn's disease, and more.

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On the HCPLive inflammatory bowel disease page, resources on the topics of medical news and expert insight into IBD can be found. Content includes articles, interviews, videos, podcasts, and breaking news on IBD and more.

Fasting-Mimicking Diet Elicits Clinical, Biochemical Response in Mild Crohn’s Disease

Angel S. Byrd, MD, PhD, is an associate professor at Howard University College of Medicine.

This episode of Skin of Color Savvy was filmed on-site at the Skin of Color Society's 'Meeting the Challenge Summit' in Washington, DC.

Skin of Color Savvy: The Art and Science of Treating Patients of Color

Hosted by Skin of Color Society and produced by HCPLive, 

 delves into the latest research, clinical insights, and culturally intelligent care practices in dermatology with leading experts. 

Whether it’s groundbreaking research, practice-changing insights, or highlights from the SOCS community, this twice-monthly program provides dermatologists and care providers with expert perspectives on treating patients with skin of color.

Podcasts

podcasts page features a feed of medical news and interview podcast series, including DocTalk, Lungcast, Derm Discussions, and Heart Trials.

Skin of Color Savvy: On-Site Interviews at the Meeting the Challenge Summit

Ryan Livingston joined the MJH Life Sciences team in March of 2025, shortly after graduating from TCNJ with a bachelor’s degree in English. He enjoys creative writing, reading, and scuba diving. He can be reached at rlivingston@mjhlifesciences.com.

The KAI 12L program is now cleared to determine short PR interval, atrial bigeminy, ventricular bigeminy, left axis deviation, and right axis deviation.

Cardiology

Cardiology condition center page is a comprehensive resource for clinical news and insights on cardiovascular and cardiometabolic diseases. This page consists of interviews, articles, podcasts, and videos on the research, treatment and development of therapies for heart disease and cardiovascular events, as well as associated diabetes, renal failure, and more...

Arrhythmia

FDA Clears AI Program Powering Kardia 12L Electrogram for 5 New Cardiac Determinations

These recommendations simultaneously emphasize the efficacy of weight loss drugs and encourage incorporating lifestyle therapy on top of medication.

ADA’s Obesity Association Releases Guidelines for Use of Obesity Medications

A new national database study suggests malnutrition reverses the obesity survival benefit in hospitalized ESKD patients undergoing dialysis


Latest News

Elevated BMI and Physical Inactivity Drive Rising Global Hypertension-CKD Burden

Pediatric Eczema Severity, Quality of Life Not Influenced by Phototype, Ethnicity

Evolving Therapeutic Strategies and Real-World Application in IgAN

20 Years of FDA Data Reveal Previously Unrecognized Epinephrine Risks

2025 KDIGO Guideline Update for IgAN