Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases

AbstractObjective To determine whether vitamin A supplementation administered in the preschool years can lower the risk of hearing loss in adolescence and adulthood.Design Follow-up study of adolescents and young adults who, as preschool aged children in 1989, were enrolled into a cluster randomised, double blinded, placebo controlled trial of vitamin A supplementation.Setting South central, rural Nepal.Participants 2378 adolescents and young adults aged 14 to 23, representing 51% of those who finished th

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Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is a human-specific pathogen responsible for a number of diseases characterized by a wide range of clinical manifestations. During host colonization GAS-cell aggregates or microcolonies are observed in tissues. GAS biofilm, which is an in vitro equivalent of tissue microcolony, has only recently been studied and little is known about the specific surface determinants that aid biofilm formation. In this study, we demonstrate that surface-associated streptococcal collagen-like pr

From molecules to physiology

Winner of the 2010 Bander Essay Contest, this essay discusses how primary care physicians should manage the fact that their patients visit retail clinics for some medical needs. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.|Winner of the 2010 Bander Essay Contest, this essay discusses how primary care physicians should manage the fact that their patients visit retail clinics for some medical needs.

Measles is the leading killer among vaccine-preventable diseases, responsible for an estimated 44% of the 1.7 million vaccine-preventable deaths among children annually.|To assess the effects of antibiotics given to children with measles to prevent complications and reduce pneumonia, other morbidities and mortality.|In this 2008 update we searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library 2008, Issue 1) MEDLINE (1966 to January week 1, 2008), EMBASE (1980 to December 2007) and the National Research Register (Issue 3, 2007).|Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs comparing antibiotics with placebo or no treatment to prevent complications in children with measles.|Two review authors independently extracted data and assessed trial quality.|Seven trials with 1385 children were included. Pooled study data showed that the incidence of pneumonia was lower in the treatment group compared to the control group. However, the difference was not

Children s hospital in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. 328 children between 3 and 15 years of age ( 60 girls) who were moderately affected with recurrent episodes of throat infection ( tonsillitis, pharyngitis, or ... Follow up was 83 at year 1. Children

These guidelines deal with the evaluation of anti-infective drugs for the treatment of respiratory tract infections. Five clinical entities are described: streptococcal pharyngitis and tonsillitis, otitis media, sinusitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia. A wide variety of microorganisms are potentially pathogenetic in these diseases; these guidelines focus on the bacterial infections. Inclusion of a patient in a trial of a new drug is based on the clinical entity, with the requirement that a reasonable attempt will be made to establish a specific microbial etiology. Microbiologic evaluation of efficacy requires isolation of the pathogen and testing for in vitro susceptibility. Alternatively, surrogate markers may be used to identify the etiologic agent. The efficacy of new drugs is evaluated with reference to anticipated response rates. Establishment of the microbial etiology of respiratory tract infections is hampered by the presence of "normal flora" of the nose, mouth, and pharynx,

This document contains complete guidelines for diagnosis and management of rhinitis developed by the Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters in Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, representing the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology and the Joint Council on Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. The guidelines are comprehensive and begin with statements on clinical characteristics and diagnosis of different forms of rhinitis (allergic, non-allergic, occupational rhinitis, hormonal rhinitis [pregnancy and hypothyroidism], drug-induced rhinitis, rhinitis from food ingestion), and other conditions that may be confused with rhinitis. Recommendations on patient evaluation discuss appropriate use of history, physical examination, and diagnostic testing, as well as unproven or inappropriate techniques that should not be used. Parameters on management include use of environmental control measures, pharmacologic therapy including

Adapting your practice: treatment and recommendations for homeless children with otitis media.

Younger children are generally more suggestible; so queries from parents or clinicians regard- ing a specific symptom may be biased toward affirmative responses. ... Thus, in younger patients, reliance on a parent or caregiver is generally necessary,

Chronic cough in a child.