Barbara Gillespie, MD, is Chief Medical and Strategy Officer of the International Society of Glomerular Disease and Adjunct Professor at the University of North Carolina.

Tobias Huber, MD, is President of the International Society of Glomerular Disease, Chair of the Center of Internal Medicine; Director of the III. Department of Medicine (Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Transplantation); and Director of the Hamburg Center for Kidney Health at the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf.

Rapid developments in glomerular disease in the past 5 years have warranted evolving approaches to clinical trial design, identifying new biomarkers, and redefining kidney care.

This research is reshaping the understanding and treatment of APOL1-mediated kidney disease, membranous nephropathy, and IgA nephropathy, along with adding to global efforts to refine clinical trial endpoints and accelerate therapeutic development, underscoring key challenges and breakthroughs in the field.

In this Q&A, Barbara Gillespie, MD, and Tobias Huber, MD, discuss advances in glomerular disease research and care at the International Society of Glomerular Disease (ISGD), including biomarker discovery, molecular technologies, and emerging targeted therapies

Both Huber and Gillespie emphasized the importance of collaboration across institutions, societies, and stakeholders, highlighting initiatives such as ISGD and PARASOL as examples of how shared frameworks are accelerating progress in glomerular disease research and care.

: What have been the most significant inflection points in glomerular disease research over the past five years?

Huber: The last five years have been the most dynamic period in glomerular disease research to date. Advances in single-cell and spatial technologies have significantly deepened understanding of disease biology, enabling higher-resolution stratification and identification of new biomarkers. This has improved diagnostic precision, including the emergence of autoantibodies such as anti-nephrin antibodies, which are increasingly linked to specific glomerular diseases.

Therapeutically, the field has also seen multiple successful Phase 3 trials across complement-mediated diseases, B-cell–mediated diseases, IgA nephropathy, and emerging modalities such as CAR T-cell–based approaches in lupus nephritis. In parallel, the creation of the International Society of Glomerular Disease has helped align academia, industry, and regulators, facilitating initiatives such as PARASOL to identify surrogate endpoints like proteinuria in FSGS.

: How has APOL1-mediated kidney disease influenced both research and clinical trial design?

Gillespie: APOL1 has been a major example of how genetic discoveries translate into clinical development. Early work through the Kidney Health Initiative helped establish a roadmap for APOL1 therapeutic programs. However, conducting trials in this space requires meaningful engagement with patients and communities that have historically been underrepresented and, in many cases, have appropriate levels of distrust toward the medical system.

One key lesson has been the importance of meeting patients where they are. In some communities, that has meant engaging faith leaders and churches as trusted sources of education around kidney disease and clinical trials. In one example, outreach through a church-based initiative resulted in nearly all congregants agreeing to be screened for a clinical trial, highlighting the importance of trust and community engagement.

The broader goals have included raising awareness of kidney disease in Black Americans, increasing screening, and improving clinical trial participation. With APOL1 variants identified in 2011, the field has progressed rapidly into Phase 2 and Phase 3 development, demonstrating how quickly precision nephrology can advance when biological targets are well defined.

: How are emerging biomarkers such as anti-nephrin antibodies changing disease classification and management?

Huber: Anti-nephrin antibodies represent a shift toward a more precise understanding of diseases such as minimal change disease, which historically lacked a clear mechanistic basis. Evidence now suggests that a large proportion of adult minimal change disease and even pediatric idiopathic nephrotic syndrome may be driven by autoantibodies.

This has implications for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic decision-making. It also supports a shift away from prolonged steroid exposure toward more targeted B-cell–modulating or depleting therapies. However, a major limitation is that testing remains largely confined to academic centers, and broader clinical adoption will require standardized, commercially available assays.

Clinically, these antibodies may also help guide treatment monitoring and, in some cases, pre-transplant management in patients at high risk of recurrence.

: How is membranous nephropathy informing the development of surrogate endpoints in glomerular disease?

Gillespie: Membranous nephropathy has become a model for precision nephrology, particularly with PLA2R-positive disease, which accounts for approximately 75% to 80% of cases. The availability of measurable antibodies has allowed clinicians to directly link diagnosis, treatment response, and disease activity.

Through PARASOL initiatives, the field is now working to refine surrogate endpoints beyond proteinuria alone by integrating antibody dynamics. This approach may improve trial design and better reflect disease biology. However, a major challenge remains ensuring that antibody measurements are consistently incorporated into clinical trials and registries.

Without that data, opportunities to improve endpoint validation and regulatory pathways are missed.

: How are clinical trial design and execution evolving in glomerular disease?

Gillespie: Clinical trial design has improved significantly, particularly in defining disease-specific endpoints rather than applying a one-size-fits-all approach across glomerular diseases. However, execution remains a challenge, especially in patient recruitment.

Community nephrologists are increasingly central to trial enrollment, and efforts such as clinical trial boot camps aim to expand participation beyond academic centers. This is critical as the number of trials grows and earlier diagnosis increases the pool of potential participants.

Looking ahead, successful trial programs will require not only strong design but also broad engagement across academic and community practice settings.

: What are the key priorities for glomerular disease research heading into 2026?

Huber: Future priorities include continued implementation of surrogate endpoints, refinement of disease-specific trial designs, and improved molecular stratification of glomerular diseases. Advances in molecular imaging and biopsy analysis are expected to shift classification toward true disease endotypes.

Gillespie: There is also growing interest in hierarchical composite endpoints that integrate both clinical and patient-reported outcomes. In addition, the field is moving toward more collaborative models of drug development, including shared data initiatives and cross-industry cooperation.

Other emerging areas include cell and gene therapy, as well as expanded collaboration with specialties such as hematology and oncology, particularly as these modalities enter nephrology.

Articles

Experts discuss major advances in glomerular disease research and care, including molecular technologies, biomarker discovery, APOL1-mediated kidney disease, and evolving clinical trial design and endpoints.

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Chronic Kidney Disease

From APOL1 to Biomarkers, Glomerular Disease Research Is Redefining Kidney Care, With Tobias Huber, MD, Barbara Gillespie, MD

Temitayo Ogunleye, MD, is a professor of Clinical Dermatology at the University of Pennsylvania. She also serves as associate director of Community Engagement and Academic Excellence in the Department of Dermatology and associate director of the Pre-Residency Fellowship in Skin of Color Program.

Cross Collaboration and Key Topics at SOCS Scientific Symposium, With Temitayo Ogunleye, MD

 team spoke at the 22nd Annual Skin of Color Society (SOCS) Scientific Symposium, held in conjunction with the 

2026 American Academy of Dermatology (AAD) Annual Meeting

, with Temitayo Ogunleye, MD, professor of Clinical Dermatology at the University of Pennsylvania and co-chair of the event.

Ogunleye shared her perspective on the forces shaping dermatology today and what she hopes this year's meeting will accomplish. She opened by situating the symposium's theme of championing evidence-based dermatology and collaboration within the broader context of a difficult period for medicine.

“I think that there have been a lot of providers and physicians who are feeling a little bit disillusioned and maybe disappointed about the way things are going,” Ogunleye expressed. “So we thought it was really important to think about ways to reinvigorate our love and care for patients and for ourselves.”

Patient mistrust has been rising, she noted, and many physicians have found themselves feeling disillusioned or disheartened by the direction the field is heading. Against this backdrop, she and her co-organizing committee coordinated the design this program, seeking to reinvigorate clinicians' connection to patients and to their work itself.

, Ogunleye emphasized thinking beyond the presenting issues of patients' and to consider the psychosocial and environmental factors that can also help to shape one’s disease. This type of holistic orientation tied into her mention of personalized medicine, which Ogunleye described as the way of the future in the medical field.

She broadened the definition beyond genetics, arguing that personalized medicine is fundamentally about seeing each patient as an individual and identifying the specific factors modifying their conditions. Cross-specialty collaboration, she argued, is essential to delivering on that promise. 

Turning to the symposium program itself, Ogunleye highlighted several sessions she is particularly looking forward to, including a keynote address on community medicine, a leadership session with Susan Taylor, MD, and panels related to gender-affirming care, pediatric dermatology care, hair loss, and community-based practice models.

Ogunleye singled out 1 session on physician wellness as a topic she considers especially timely. She emphasized burnout as an increasing concern across medicine, driven by competing pressures and, at times, the emotional weight of navigating patient distrust. In her view, those who are not caring for themselves are not in a position to fully care for patients.

Ogunleye closed her discussion by highlighting SOCS’s mission, which she described as directly aligned with the symposium's theme. She emphasized the value of ensuring patients of color are represented in clinical research and addressed across clinical care, education, and community engagement.

Annual Scientific Symposium. Skin of Color Society. Accessed March 26, 2026. 

https://skinofcolorsociety.org/what-we-do/education/annual-scientific-symposium

Doctor Profiles. Skin of Color Society. Accessed March 26, 2026. 

https://skinofcolorsociety.org/events/dr-profiles/ogunleye-temitayo-md

Videos

Temitayo Ogunleye, MD, co-chair of the Skin of Color Society Scientific Symposium, speaks with HCPLive about the meeting's guiding theme and topics.

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Virginia Nuckols, PhD, is a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology at the University of Delaware.

Increased Stress Due to Pregnancy Complications Raises Cardiovascular Risk, With Virginia Nuckols, PhD

Women who experience pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia, stillbirth, pre-term birth, or having a baby that is small for gestational age may have a greater risk for 

 later in life, according to a recent study.

The association between stress and cardiovascular disease is well documented. Given the dramatically increased psychosocial stress associated with pregnancy, a wealth of research exists surrounding its cardiovascular impact both immediately and later in life. The present study assessed whether psychosocial stress during and in the years after a first pregnancy was associated with blood pressure levels and 

“We wanted to understand whether or not stress was at all related to the risk for cardiovascular disease and higher blood pressure in these women,” Virginia Nuckols, PhD, a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology at the University of Delaware and the lead author of the study, told 

 in an exclusive interview. “We found that women who had higher stress over time and had an adverse pregnancy outcome had higher blood pressure 2-7 years after delivery compared to women who have lower stress.”

Nuckols and colleagues utilized data from the prospective Nulliparous Pregnancy Outcomes Study: Monitoring Mothers-to-Be Heart Health Study (nuMoM2b-HHS) cohort. The team assessed perceived stress via the Perceived Stress Scale during the first and third trimester and 2-7 years post-delivery. Latent class trajectory analysis was used to characterize subgroups with similar patterns of perceived stress over time.

Adverse pregnancy outcomes were abstracted from medical charts and ultimately included preterm birth, small-for-gestational-age, stillbirth, and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. The team also used multivariable regression models to evaluate the independent effects of perceived stress on systolic and diastolic blood pressure, as well as incident hypertension 2-7 years after delivery.

The records of 3322 first-time mothers were included in the study, with an age range of 15-44 years. All included patients did not have high blood pressure before pregnancy. When filling out the Perceived Stress Scale, all patients were asked to note how often they were in situations perceived as uncontrollable, unpredictable, and/or overwhelming in the previous month on a 5-point frequency scale, with higher scores indicating higher stress.

Ultimately, Nuckols and colleagues found that higher stress levels over time in women with adverse pregnancy outcomes were associated with blood pressure roughly 2 mmHg higher than those with low stress; these results were maintained during the years 2-7 after delivery. However, this was not the case among women without adverse pregnancy outcomes. Additionally, patients who experienced moderate to high stress were often younger (25-27 years) and had higher body mass indices and lower educational attainment.

Despite these results, the actual mechanism behind the association between increased stress and increased blood pressure in patients with pregnancy complications remains unclear. The investigators call on future research, suggesting examination of whether stress reduction interventions can meaningfully lower cardiovascular risk.

“There is a lot more work to be done to understand effective and pragmatic interventions for this population of women who are experiencing novel stressors as they transition to motherhood,” Nuckols said. “We need to improve general awareness for clinicians that stress could play a role in cardiovascular risk, as well as communicating that to patients when they enter.”

Editors’ Note: Nuckols reports no relevant disclosures.

Beveridge K. Pregnancy complications impact women’s stress levels and cardiovascular risk long after delivery. 

. March 9, 2026. Accessed March 26, 2026. 

https://newsroom.heart.org/news/pregnancy-complications-impact-womens-stress-levels-and-cardiovascular-risk-long-after-delivery

Nuckols VR, Barone Gibbs B, Brewer BC, et al. Stress trajectory and hypertension 2 to 7 years after delivery: A NUMOM2B-HHS Study. 

Nuckols discusses her recent study highlighting a correlation between pregnancy complications, increased psychosocial stress, and cardiovascular disease risk.

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Sofia Holmqvist-Jämsén, PhD, from the University of Helsinki

Respiratory Allergies Linked to Vocal Symptoms

may extend beyond nasal and pulmonary symptoms, contributing to a clinically meaningful burden of vocal dysfunction. In an interview with 

, Sofia Holmqvist-Jämsén, PhD, from the University of Helsinki, discussed findings from a cross-sectional study examining the relationship between diagnosed respiratory allergies and focal vocal symptoms, as well as potential gender differences in this association.

The cross-sectional analysis included 1220 Finnish adults aged 18 – 46 years, drawn from a twin cohort and adjusted to mitigate relatedness bias. Overall, 25.6% of participants reported a diagnosed respiratory allergy, and 19.8% experienced ≥ 2 vocal symptoms on a weekly or daily basis over the prior year. These findings highlight the substantial overlap between allergic disease and voice-related complaints in the general population.

Holmqvist-Jämsén noted that the study was motivated by two 2 gaps: a lack of large-scale epidemiologic data linking allergy flares to vocal symptoms, and limited evidence supporting the “unified airway” model in relation to laryngeal outcomes.

“Clinicians often observe that allergy flares coincide with hoarseness or throat clearing or voice fatigue, but large population-based data have been scarce,” she said.

The results demonstrated a significant association between respiratory allergies and increased vocal symptom burden. Individuals with diagnosed respiratory allergies were more likely to report ≥ 2 frequent vocal symptoms compared with nonallergic peers (24.6% vs 18.2%; 

 <.05). This association was particularly pronounced in women, among whom 30.2% of those with allergies reported greater symptom burden, compared with 20.4% without allergies (P <.01). The association was not observed among men.

From a symptom-level perspective, allergic individuals were significantly more likely to report hoarseness or low voice (16.1% vs 11.4%; 

 <.001), strained or tired voice (15.2% vs. 10.1%;

 <.001) and the sensation of a lump or tension in the throat (18.3% vs. 13.0%; 

 <.05). Although coughing and throat clearing were the most commonly reported symptoms overall (29.9%; n = 92), their association with allergy was less distinct statistically, though still clinically relevant.

These findings support the unified airway concept, which posits that inflammatory processes in 1 region of the respiratory tract can affect contiguous structures. According to Holmqvist-Jämsén, allergic inflammation may contribute to laryngeal symptoms through several mechanisms, including mucosal edema and altered vibratory function of the vocal folds.

“Allergic remedies can contribute to swelling and altered vibratory characteristics of the vocal folds, increasing phonatory effort and hoarseness, and then also postnasal drip and cough, where throat clearing can irritate the larynx and reinforce a cycle of tension and fauna trauma,” Holmqvist-Jämsén said.

The observed gender differences may warrant particular clinical attention. Women not only reported more frequent vocal symptoms overall but also demonstrated a stronger association between allergies and symptom burden (≥ 2 frequent symptoms: 22.8% vs 13.7%; 

 <.001). Potential explanations include anatomical and physiological differences, such as smaller vocal folds that may be more susceptible to edema, as well as heightened cough sensitivity and greater representation in voice-intensive professions.

“[The] bottom line that women with allergies may be at particular risk for clinically significant voice issues and deserve proactive screening and counseling more than men,” Holmqvist-Jämsén said.

Despite its strengths, including a large, population-based sample, the study has limitations. All data were self-reported without objective laryngoscopic or acoustic validation. Additionally, potential confounders such as corticosteroid use were not fully captured.

Nonetheless, the findings underscore the importance of integrating voice assessment into allergy management. For clinicians, this may include targeted history-taking around vocal symptoms, consideration of laryngeal irritation in patients with persistent throat complaints, and multidisciplinary approaches involving otolaryngology or speech-language pathology when appropriate.

Holmqvist-Jämsén S, Wakene H, Jern P, Simberg S. Association Between Respiratory Allergies and Vocal Symptoms: A Cross-sectional Population-Based Study. 

Population study links respiratory allergies to hoarseness, throat clearing, and vocal fatigue, with greater symptom burden in women and unified airway implications.

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Respiratory Allergies Linked to Vocal Symptoms, With Holmqvist-Jämsén, PhD

Christopher Kramer, MD, FACC, is the current president of the American College of Cardiology.

Artificial Intelligence in Cardiology: The ACC’s Implementation Pipeline, With Christopher Kramer, MD, FACC

Artificial intelligence (AI) has grown by leaps and bounds in the last few years; due to its rapid advances, the technology is beginning to be incorporated into both the clinical and managerial sides of the healthcare industry at large, and of 

The American College of Cardiology (ACC) has, over the last few years, committed to adapting AI models to cardiology care, on both a clinical and practical level. Current president Christopher Kramer, MD, FACC, has taken this movement to new heights with the integration of an AI implementation task force, consisting of several subcommittees within the College.

“During my year as president, we have begun to create an ACC AI implementation task force, which began last Fall. The task force is overseeing all of the integration of AI into the workings of the ACC,” Kramer told 

 in an exclusive interview. “There are so many ways that AI interfaces with the College that we thought an implementation task force was needed as an umbrella group to oversee implementation.”

Kramer also broke down several of the AI programs currently in use at the ACC, including scribing programs and cardiovascular imaging. These programs have streamlined the intake and diagnostic processes, allowing clinicians to quickly collect patient information and perform basic scans.

“AI is used every day, for example, in cardiac MR and cardiac CT,” Kramer said. “It’s integrated into MR in every aspect, from speeding up image acquisition to automatic analysis of images. Cardiac CT AI is used every day in post processing software to do plaque analysis, to quantify ejection fraction with high accuracy, and so on. It has not necessarily been integrated at most institutions yet, but it’s coming.”

Ultimately, this push for further AI implementation mirrors the common belief that similar technology is positioned to revolutionize the field. Even beyond the clinical setting, devices such as ChatGPT are actively reshaping the way information is collected and disseminated among clinicians and patients. Recent publications from the Journal of the ACC have highlighted the potential for AI adaptation into living clinical guidelines, effectively minimizing the lag time between the discovery of new information and its implementation.

Kramer also discussed upcoming presentations at the 

, taking place in New Orleans, Louisiana, from March 28-30. Along with hands-on training for the prompting of generative AI like ChatGPT, the program includes 2 keynote lectures regarding the real-world implementation of AI. The first, the 57th Annual Louis K. Bishop keynote, will address scaling AI and cardiology, while the second, the Douglas Sipes Distinguished Young Scientist Award, focuses on bottlenecks in translating AI research into clinical care.

“The ACC 26 intensive will address the practical implementation of AI in daily practice, daily patient care,” Kramer said. “We will also address financing and governance, as those are ongoing questions that our health systems at hospitals and clinicians have. There will be efforts on-site to answer these questions.”

Editors’ Note: Kramer reports disclosures with Cytokinetics, Eli Lilly, Bristol Myers Squibb, and the American College of Cardiology.

Krumholz H. Guiding the AI Revolution in Cardiovascular Medicine. 

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2025.08.021

Reddy, R, Danford, D, Schuster, A. et al. Closing the Guideline Gap: AI and the Rise of Living Cardiovascular Recommendations. 

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacadv.2026.102639

Kramer, the president of the American College of Cardiology, discusses the organization’s recent movement to adapt rapidly growing AI technology to clinical care.

Akl Fahed, MD, MPH, Interventional Cardiologist at Massachusetts General Hospital and Instructor in Medicine at Harvard Medical School.

Fahed explains how a multi-ancestry metabolic poly genetic risk score from over 8.5 million individuals points to the utility of global collaboration in genetic research. 


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Type 2 Diabetes

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Multi-Ancestry Genetic Risk Score Shows Value of Global Collaboration in Metabolic Disease, With Akl Fahed, MD, MPH

New research identifies dietary epitopes driving oral tolerance, offering insight into Treg responses, early exposure, and future food allergy therapies.

Food Allergy

Dietary Epitopes Drive Oral Tolerance, With Jamie Blum, PhD

Experts discuss therapeutic switching in patients already on biologic therapy and adherence challenges specific to oral agents.

Managing Established Patients: Switching, Adherence, Spontaneous Remission, and Treatment Duration

Experts address how quickly clinicians should escalate from antihistamines to step-up therapy and examine remibrutinib's clinical trial data on speed of response.

Antihistamine Escalation, Time to Step-Up, and Remibrutinib's Rapid Onset of Action 

Bhatt shares his thoughts on the recently released dyslipidemia guidelines, highlighting the return of goal-based LDL-C therapy and Lp(a) receiving a COR 1 suggestion.

Dyslipidemia

Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease

Updated ACC/AHA Dyslipidemia Guidelines Incorporate LDL-C Goals, Lp(a) Focus, With Deepak Bhatt, MD, MPH

Allergist-immunologist at Yale New Haven Hospital

Su emphasized how care should be shifted to reflect known impacts of NNAALs on obstetric care.

The Case for Delabeling NNAALs in Obstetric Care, With Chang Su, MD

Andres Gelrud, MD, is a gastroenterologist at Baptist Health Miami Cancer Institute, part of Baptist Health South Florida

Gerlud explains why exocrine pancreatic insufficiency is often missed, even in high-risk patients. 


Gastroenterology

Gastroenterology condition center page is a comprehensive resource for clinical news and insights on digestive and GI conditions. This page consists of interviews, articles, podcasts, and videos on the research, treatment and development of therapies for 

, IBS and IBD, Crohn's disease, and more.

Why Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency Is Frequently Underdiagnosed, With Andres Gelrud, MD

Piotr Witkowski, MD, PhD, is a professor of surgery in the Transplantation Institute at the University of Chicago.

Witkowski discusses the data presented at ATTD 2026, highlighting the investigative anti-CD40L monoclonal antibody in facilitating insulin independence.

Type 1 Diabetes

Tegoprubart Improves Glycemic Control Following Islet Transplantation for T1D, With Piotr Witkowski, MD, PhD

Julia W. Angkeow, a PhD candidate and former research technologist at Johns Hopkins Medicine

Angkeow discusses a recent study finding that PhIP-Seq analysis links diverse IgG responses to food allergy phenotypes.

IgG Reactivity Patterns in Pediatric Food Allergy, With Julia Angkeow

Learn how clinicians confirm iron deficiency anemia, interpret ferritin, and trace dietary, menstrual, or GI causes for targeted treatment.

Latest News

From APOL1 to Biomarkers, Glomerular Disease Research Is Redefining Kidney Care, With Tobias Huber, MD, Barbara Gillespie, MD

Cross Collaboration and Key Topics at SOCS Scientific Symposium, With Temitayo Ogunleye, MD

Increased Stress Due to Pregnancy Complications Raises Cardiovascular Risk, With Virginia Nuckols, PhD

Respiratory Allergies Linked to Vocal Symptoms, With Holmqvist-Jämsén, PhD

Artificial Intelligence in Cardiology: The ACC’s Implementation Pipeline, With Christopher Kramer, MD, FACC