Linda Stein Gold, MD, is a dermatologist at Henry Ford Health. 

Eingun James Song, MD, is the director of clinical research for Frontier Dermatology. 

Integrating Comparative Evidence to Optimize Psoriasis Treatment Decisions

In the final episode, "Integrating Comparative Evidence to Optimize Psoriasis Treatment Decisions," the panelists explore how the full body of available evidence, including comparative analyses, long term extension studies, real world data, and clinical experience, can be integrated into practical treatment decision making for plaque psoriasis.

The panel opens by outlining the distinct role each type of evidence plays in clinical practice. Comparative studies including MAICs, network meta-analyses, and head to head trials are valued for helping clinicians identify which therapy is most likely to work best for a given patient when all else is equal. Long term extension studies are primarily used to provide patients with reassurance around safety, offering years of accumulated clinical trial safety data with no new emerging signals. Real world data is highlighted as particularly valuable for informing drug persistence and helping clinicians select a therapy that patients are likely to stay on long term, reducing the burden of frequent switching for both the patient and the clinical team. The panel also acknowledges the role of anecdotal clinical experience, noting that when personal observations align with what is seen across clinical trial and real world data, it creates a compelling and well supported basis for treatment recommendations.

The discussion then turns to how community practice dermatologists can apply comparative evidence in their daily practice, with the panel emphasizing the importance of understanding what MAICs are and how to interpret them in the absence of head to head trial data. The panel acknowledges that real world evidence takes time to generate, making other data sources particularly important when evaluating newer agents.

The episode concludes with a summary of the strengths of the IL-23 inhibitor class, including superior efficacy, infrequent dosing, and a strong safety profile, and reinforces that each piece of evidence, from phase three trials to real world analyses, contributes to a complete picture that enables truly holistic and patient centered treatment decisions.

Thank you for watching this Peer Exchange series on psoriasis. Please subscribe to our newsletter for information on upcoming video series.

Videos

Clinical

clinical page is a resource for content on every specialty, disease, and topic available on our medical news site.

Video Series

Dominic Sisti, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Medical Ethics & Health Policy and the director of the Scattergood Program for the Applied Ethics of Behavioral Health Care. Sisti is also the host of 

, our monthly multimedia series on medical ethics in modern healthcare. 

Aliza Narva, JD, BSN, MSN, director of ethics at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania.

Medical Ethics Unpacked: Clinical Ethics Consultation in Practice

, Dominic Sisti, PhD, a bioethicist from Penn Medicine, speaks with Aliza Narva, JD, BSN, MSN, director of ethics at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, about the practical realities of clinical ethics consultation. Co-host Steve Levine, MD, from Compass Pathways, was unable to join the recording, and Sisti leads the discussion solo with Narva on how ethics teams function within complex hospital environments.

Narva describes clinical ethics consultation as a structured, case-based process that typically begins with a clinician identifying uncertainty or discomfort in care. Requests most often come from residents and nurses. From there, ethicists review the medical record, speak with members of the care team, and, when feasible, include patients and families. She notes that consults frequently reflect communication gaps across teams rather than purely ethical disagreements.

The conversation highlights differences between traditional consultation models and mediation-based approaches. Traditional models often emphasize policy, prior cases, and ethical literature to determine an appropriate recommendation. In contrast, the mediation model focuses on bringing stakeholders together to clarify values and surface assumptions driving disagreement. Narva suggests that many cases shift once all parties are in the same conversation.

Common consult themes include end-of-life decision-making, surrogate disputes, and clinician moral distress. She emphasizes that ethics consultants are often called when clinicians feel constrained or uncertain about next steps.

The discussion also touches on system-level challenges, including pandemic-era visitation policies and their downstream effects on communication and trust. Narva reflects on how rapidly changing policies during COVID-19 exposed tensions between safety, access, and patient-centered care.

Narva stresses that ethics consultants do not issue binding decisions. Their role is to clarify ethical considerations, support communication, and help teams identify workable paths forward within clinical and institutional constraints.

“Ethics consultants don’t have any powers. We’re consultants,” Narva says. “I’m there to outline what our ethical obligations are, do some creative thinking… and make suggestion[s]…but I can’t sign anyone’s permission slip.”

Aliza Narva, JD, discusses how clinical ethics consultation works in practice, from bedside dilemmas to mediation-based approaches and clinician support.

News

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Podcasts

podcasts page features a feed of medical news and interview podcast series, including DocTalk, Lungcast, Derm Discussions, and Heart Trials.

Medical Ethics Unpacked

Medical Ethics Unpacked is a regular multimedia series hosted by Dominic Sisti, PhD, and Steve Levine, MD, spotlighting a spectrum of topics within the field of medical ethics. Throughout the year, hosts will sit down for an in-depth discussion on a specific ethical dilemma within modern healthcare, with some episodes also featuring a special guest. 

Check back throughout the year for discussions on a variety of topics, including data privacy in health apps, euthanasia and medical assistance in dying, reproductive rights and technologies, and more!

Evaluating IL-23 Inhibitors with Long-Term Data and Real-World Evidence

In this episode, "Evaluating IL-23 Inhibitors with Long-Term Data and Real-World Evidence," the expert dermatologists explore the distinct but complementary roles of long term extension studies and real world evidence in evaluating the durability and safety of biologic therapies for plaque psoriasis.

The panel opens by examining the value and limitations of long term extension studies. While these studies are considered valuable primarily for identifying emerging safety signals and assessing whether adverse events accumulate over time, the panel expresses some skepticism about their ability to accurately reflect long term durability of response. This is because patients who remain in long term extension studies tend to be those who are already responding well, creating an inherently enriched population that does not capture patients who may have struggled to respond early on.

The discussion then shifts to real world evidence, with the panel outlining the key sources of this data including patient registries such as CorEvitas and various country specific registries, as well as claims based data. Registries are noted as semi real world in nature given their lack of strict entry criteria compared to clinical trials, while claims based data offers insight into how long patients persist on a given therapy, though often without accompanying efficacy data unless linked to electronic medical records.

The panel emphasizes that real world data is critical because clinical trials represent a best case scenario, with carefully screened patients, controlled comorbidities, and a high level of clinical support including dedicated nursing staff, medication delivery, and appointment reminders that do not reflect everyday practice. In contrast, real world patients may have uncontrolled comorbidities, complex medication regimens, and limited support, making adherence more challenging. When comparing drug classes in real world analyses, IL-23 inhibitors are noted to generally outperform IL-17 inhibitors, TNF inhibitors, and newer oral agents in keeping patients on therapy over time.

The last episode in this series, "Integrating Comparative Evidence to Optimize Psoriasis Treatment Decisions," features the panelists advancing their conversation on psoriasis and focusing on how clinicians can synthesize MAIC analyses, long term extension studies, real world data, and anecdotal clinical experience into a holistic framework for making individualized treatment decisions and optimizing long term outcomes for patients with plaque psoriasis.

Roy Beck, MD, PhD, is the founder of the Jaeb Center for Health Research.

INHALE-1: Afrezza Safe but Not Superior to Rapid-Acting Analogue in Children, With Roy Beck, MD, PhD

Although it failed to reach the prespecified criteria for HbA1c noninferiority, inhaled technosphere insulin (TI) was proven safe and associated with greater treatment satisfaction than rapid-acting analogue (RAA) insulin in the INHALE-1 study.

These data were presented at the International Conference on Advanced Technologies & Treatments for Diabetes (ATTD) in Barcelona, Spain, by Roy Beck, MD, PhD, founder of the aeb Center for Health Research and lead investigator on the study. 

 spoke with Beck to discuss the pulmonary safety findings from this phase 3 trial.

“It’s advisable to have pulmonary function tests, and it can be done in the office,” Beck told 

. “Maybe 6 months after they’ve started treatment, and if they’re doing okay, then maybe after another 6 months. And then if they’re okay, maybe once a year, unless someone’s getting symptoms. But we did not identify any risk.”

INHALE-1 was a phase 3, open-label, randomized clinical trial evaluating TI’s efficacy and safety in combination with basal insulin versus RAA - including insulin lispro, insulin glulisine, and insulin aspart in combination with basal insulin – in pediatric patients with 

. The trial included 26 weeks of randomized treatment with either TI or RAA, all patients entered an extension period of TI treatment until week 52.

Patients were eligible for INHALE-1 if they were ≥4 and <18 years old with a clinical diagnosis of T1DM or T2DM and had been using insulin for ≥6 months for T1DM or ≥3 months for T2DM. Additionally, patients were required to have an HbA1c ≥7% and ≤11% and be receiving an average prandial dose of insulin ≥2 units per meal, among other criteria. Patients were excluded if they had a history of recent blood transfusions, asthma, serious complications of diabetes, or respiratory tract infection within 14 days of screening, among other criteria.

Patients were then randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to either the TI or RAA group. Randomization was stratified by diabetes subtype, baseline HbA1c (<8.5% or ≥8.5%), and age (4 to <13 years or 13 to <18 years). Both groups continued using basal insulin, typically once daily in the evening with either insulin glargine, insulin degludec, or insulin detemir. The primary outcome was change in HbA1c by 26 weeks, with secondary outcomes including binary HbA1c metrics, CGM metrics, and others. Investigators also examined pulmonary function testing as a safety endpoint.

A total of 313 participants were screened and 230 were randomized to the TI group (n = 117) or the RAA group (n = 113). Mean age was 12.6 years (standard deviation [SD], +/- 3 years). 225 patients presented with T1DM and 5 presented with T2DM. In intent-to-treat analysis, mean baseline HbA1c was 8.22 +/- 0.87 and 8.41 +/- 1.38 at 26 weeks with TI and 8.21 +/- 0.96 and 8.21 +/- 1.1, respectively, with RAA (adjusted difference, 0.18; 95% CI, -0.07 to 0.43; noninferiority 

However, despite not meeting the prespecified criteria for HbA1c noninferiority, only 2 severe hypoglycemic events occurred in the TI group and 1 in the RAA group. Treatment was also shown to be safe without affecting pulmonary function compared with RAA, and the TI group reported greater treatment satisfaction (

 = .004) and had less gain in weight and BMI percentile (

“Both the parents and the children expressed greater satisfaction with treatment based on the specific validated survey that was used, even if they didn’t show a benefit in their glucose levels,” Beck said. “I think, possibly because of fewer injections, there’s a greater treatment satisfaction. We actually have a study that’s ongoing now that’s looking at whether starting pediatric patients newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes on inhaled insulin rather than injections will benefit their adherence.”

Editors’ Note: Beck reports that his institution has received funding on his behalf from Insulet, Tandem Diabetes Care, Beta Bionics, Abbott, Dexcom, Sequel Med Tech, and others.

Haller MJ, Kanapka L, Monzavi R, et al. INHALE-1: A Multicenter Randomized Trial of Inhaled Technosphere Insulin in Children With Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2026;49(1):179-187. 

MannKind Corporation. Afrezza INHALE-1 Study in Pediatrics (INHALE-1). ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04974528. Updated May 6, 2025. Accessed April 17, 2026. 

https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04974528

Beck discusses the recently presented results of INHALE-1, in which technosphere insulin failed to prove noninferiority to RAA but had no pulmonary effects.

Endocrinology

The HCPLive endocrinology page is a comprehensive resource for clinical news and insights on endocrine system conditions. This page consists of interviews, articles, podcasts, and videos on the research, treatment and development of therapies for diabetes, hormonal disease, and more.

Type 1 Diabetes

Type 2 Diabetes

Howard Trachtman, MD, is an adjunct clinical professor of pediatrics at the University of Michigan.

 focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)

 may mark more than the arrival of a new therapy, and could signal a turning point in how drugs are developed and evaluated in the disease.

In an interview with HCPLive, Howard Trachtman, MD, an adjunct clinical professor of pediatrics at the University of Michigan and a DUPLEX study investigator, emphasized that the decision reflects both scientific progress and a shift in regulatory clarity that could accelerate future innovation.

https://www.hcplive.com/view/why-sparsentan-fda-approval-marks-a-turning-point-in-fsgs-with-howard-tratchman-md

Previous Limitations In Therapeutic Options For FSGS

“FSGS has been like a graveyard for drug development. It’s a difficult disease, its outcomes are bad, and there’s been really marginal understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease,” said Trachtman.

Historically, limited understanding of disease mechanisms and a lack of validated endpoints discouraged pharmaceutical investment, particularly as research efforts concentrated on more prevalent conditions such as diabetic kidney disease. As Trachtman noted, despite being relatively uncommon, the overall burden of FSGS remains substantial, with few reliable treatment options available to clinicians.

The approval of sparsentan may begin to change that dynamic, in part because it establishes a clearer regulatory pathway for future therapies.

“The approval was based on an endpoint that really opens the door to engagement with pharmaceutical companies, so that they know they have a measure of efficacy that can be considered by regulators,” he explained.

By anchoring efficacy to proteinuria reduction, the decision provides drug developers with a more predictable framework for clinical trial design. This, Trachtman suggested, could encourage broader investment and accelerate the entry of new therapies into clinical testing.

“As we really accelerate the scientific understanding of the heterogeneity of FSGS, clearly more drugs are going to come to the clinic for testing. And this trial really sets a standard that it can be done.”

Beyond expanding the pipeline, Trachtman pointed to a growing emphasis on better characterizing the disease itself. FSGS is increasingly understood as a heterogeneous condition driven by multiple underlying mechanisms, including genetic, immunologic, and metabolic factors.

According to Trachtman, clinicians need to target the right drug to the right patient with FSGS, knowing that they’re not all the same—they’re subtypes.

This shift toward more precise classification may ultimately enable a more personalized approach to treatment, aligning specific therapies with distinct disease pathways.

At the same time, Trachtman emphasized that continued progress will depend on sustained collaboration across the nephrology community, including clinicians, researchers, patients, and industry stakeholders.

“These are hard diseases to study, and cooperation and collaboration is going to be key to really move the ball forward consistently.”

As post-marketing data collection and longer-term follow-up continue, the full clinical impact of sparsentan remains to be defined. However, its approval may already be influencing the trajectory of research in FSGS—transforming a field once marked by limited progress into one poised for renewed therapeutic development.

Listen to our conversation with Trachtman about sparsentan's recent FDA approval for FSGS.

Nephrology

The HCPLive nephrology page is a resource for medical news and expert insights on kidney disease. This page features expert-led coverage, articles, videos and research on the therapies and development of treatments in nephrology, and more.

Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis

The HCPLive focal segmental glomerulosclerosis page is a resource for medical news and expert insights on FSGS. This page features expert-led coverage, articles, videos and research on the therapies and development of treatments in FSGS, and more. 

FSGS Drug Development No Longer a ‘Graveyard’: What Comes After Sparsentan’s Approval

Phillip Levy is an Assistant Professor of Emergency Medicine and Assistant Professor of Physiology at Wayne State University and the Assistant Vice President for Research at Wayne State University Department of Emergency Medicine.

Data from a study deploying mobile health units across Detroit, Michigan, found CKD stage ≥3 rates double the national average and increased rates in at-risk subgroups.


Chronic Kidney Disease

This City’s CKD Stage ≥ 3 Incidence is Double The US National Average

Blauvelt discusses studies revealing that disease severity, injection frequency, pain, and geography all shape treatment preferences.



Conference

 conference coverage page features articles, videos, and expert-led live coverage from major medical meetings throughout the year.

Plaque Psoriasis

The HCPLive plaque psoriasis page is a resource for medical news and expert insights on psoriasis. This page features expert-led coverage, articles, videos and research on the therapies and development of treatments for psoriatic disease, and more.

Dermatology

The HCPLive dermatology page is a resource for medical news and expert insights on skin disease. This page features expert-led coverage, articles, videos and research on the therapies and development of treatments for dermatologic conditions, and more.

Understanding Patient Preferences in Psoriasis, With Andrew Blauvelt, MD, MBA

Articles

Armstrong highlights several major takeaways from her portion of the AAD 2026 session titled 'IL-23 Innovation: New Data Addressing Plaque Psoriasis.'

Highlighting Key IL-23 Innovations in Dermatology, With April W. Armstrong, MD, MPH

Diana Isaacs, PharmD, is an endocrine clinical pharmacist, director of Education and Training in Diabetes Technology, and codirector of Endocrine Disorders in Pregnancy at the Cleveland Clinic.

This episode explores the launch and accessibility of FDA-approved oral GLP-1 orforglipron, including availability through Amazon Pharmacy's same-day delivery service.

Obesity Management

Obesity Management condition center page, resources on the topics of medical news and expert insight into clinical weight management can be found. Content includes articles, interviews, videos, podcasts, and breaking news on obesity research, treatment, and drug development.

FDA News

Diabetes Dialogue

Diabetes Dialogue: Technology, Therapeutics, & Real-World Perspectives is a monthly podcast hosted by Diana Isaacs, PharmD, and Natalie Bellini, DNP, aimed at providing a regular roundup of the latest clinically applicable insights across diabetes and metabolic diseases, with a focus on leveraging technology to improve care.

Diabetes Dialogue: Orforglipron Availability, Amazon Pharmacy, and Dosing Considerations

Vaiibhav Patel, MD, is a cardiologist at the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center.

Patel provides an inside perspective on one of the most diagnostically challenging cardiovascular conditions.

Cardiology

Cardiology condition center page is a comprehensive resource for clinical news and insights on cardiovascular and cardiometabolic diseases. This page consists of interviews, articles, podcasts, and videos on the research, treatment and development of therapies for heart disease and cardiovascular events, as well as associated diabetes, renal failure, and more...

Strategic Alliance Partnership

The Current Diagnostic and Treatment Landscape of Cardiac Sarcoidosis, With Vaiibhav Patel, MD

Nancy Reau, MD, is Professor of Internal Medicine, Richard B. Capps Chair of Hepatology, Associate Director of Solid Organ Transplantation, and Section Chief of Hepatology at Rush University Medical Center.

Hosts are joined by Meena Bansal, MD, to discuss long-standing research gaps and what clinicians need to understand about sex-specific drivers of liver disease today.

Hepatology

MASH / MASLD

The HCPLive MASH & MASLD page is a comprehensive resource for clinical news and insights on metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and steatohepatitis. This page consists of interviews, articles, podcasts, and videos on the research, treatment and development of therapies for fatty liver disease, steatohepatitis, and more.

Liver Lineup: Updates & Unfiltered Insights

Introducing Liver Lineup: Updates & Unfiltered Insights — an exciting new podcast delivering timely, candid perspectives on the most pressing topics in the fast-moving world of hepatology. Created by Nancy Reau, MD, and Kimberly Brown, MD, and hosted by HCPLive, this series dives into the cutting edge of liver disease research, clinical care, and real-world practice.

Liver Lineup: Closing the Gap in Women’s Liver Health

James Murrough, MD, PhD, from the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai.

Murrough discusses ADAA 2026 findings evaluating azetukalner in MDD with anhedonia; exploratory outcomes suggest potential benefit despite nonsignificant primary endpoints.

Psychiatry

Psychiatry condition center page is a comprehensive resource for clinical news and insights on mental illnesses. This page consists of interviews, articles, podcasts, and videos on the research, treatment and development of therapies for depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, anxiety, and more.

Major Depressive Disorder

Major Depressive Disorder condition center page, resources on the topics of medical news and expert insight into depression can be found. Content includes articles, interviews, videos, podcasts, and breaking news on MDD research, treatment, and drug development.

Kv7 Channel Modulator Shows Promise for Anhedonia in MDD, With James Murrough, MD

Hanna, MD, shares results from reni-cel, a one-time gene editing therapy for patients with sickle cell disease. 

Hematology

Sickle Cell

Sickle Cell condition center page, resources on the topics of medical news and expert insight into sickle cell disease can be found. Content includes articles, interviews, videos, podcasts, and breaking news on sickle cell research, treatment, and drug development.

Can Gene Editing Be A 'Functional Cure' For Sickle Cell Disease?

Vinod E. Nambudiri, MD, MBA, MPH, is affiliated with Brigham and Women's Hospital and specializes in Dermatology and Internal Medicine.

Nambudiri discusses the AAD Clinical Image Collection, launched in January 2025 to address the lack of diverse representation in dermatology education.


How the AAD Clinical Image Collection Can Help Dermatologists, With Vinod Nambudiri, MD, MBA, MPH

Abigail Brooks is an assistant managing editor for 

She joined MJH Life Sciences in August 2023 shortly after graduating from Monmouth University where she earned her BA in Communication with a concentration in Public Relations/Journalism and later an MA in Interactive Digital Media. She enjoys traveling, running, and reading books. She can be reached at abrooks@mjhlifesciences.com.

Experts discuss diagnostic challenges, variable presentations, and strategies to improve outcomes in Wilson disease.

Latest News

Integrating Comparative Evidence to Optimize Psoriasis Treatment Decisions

Medical Ethics Unpacked: Clinical Ethics Consultation in Practice

Evaluating IL-23 Inhibitors with Long-Term Data and Real-World Evidence

INHALE-1: Afrezza Safe but Not Superior to Rapid-Acting Analogue in Children, With Roy Beck, MD, PhD

FSGS Drug Development No Longer a ‘Graveyard’: What Comes After Sparsentan’s Approval