Andres Gelrud, MD, is a gastroenterologist at Baptist Health Miami Cancer Institute, part of Baptist Health South Florida

Diagnosing and Managing Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency

To diagnose exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, clinicians should combine careful "detective work" on symptoms and risk factors with imaging and fecal elastase testing, while recognizing the test's limitations, especially with watery stools, and not relying on it in isolation. 

"So making the diagnosis of EPI at the beginning can be very challenging... it's super important to do the detective work, look for risk factors... you really have to take your time if you want to make this diagnosis early," said Andres Gelrud, MD, a gastroenterologist at Baptist Health Miami Cancer Institute, part of Baptist Health South Florida, in an interview with HCPLive.

A fecal elastase-1 result below 200 µg/g is considered abnormal, with values below 100 µg/g indicating a high likelihood of EPI and levels between 100 and 200 µg/g considered indeterminate, though false positives are common when stool is watery or diluted, underscoring the need to interpret results in clinical context.¹

Once the diagnosis is made, clinicians should promptly initiate adequately dosed pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy taken with meals and evaluate for fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies, bone disease, and diabetes. Per the 2023 AGA Clinical Practice Update, PERT should be initiated at a minimum of 40,000 USP units of lipase per main meal in adults, with half that dose for snacks, adjusted based on meal size and fat content and taken during the meal — not before or after. For patients on non-enteric-coated preparations, concurrent H2 blocker or PPI therapy is recommended.² This combination both relieves malabsorptive symptoms and addresses the broader metabolic consequences of EPI.

Symptoms of EPI are often nonspecific and overlap with other gastrointestinal conditions, including irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. Despite this, fewer than 7% of patients with chronic pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer are tested for EPI. This gap is significant given that EPI develops in approximately 20% of patients after acute pancreatitis, rising to 30% after severe episodes, and in 47–76% of those with autoimmune pancreatitis.³ As a result, clinicians should remain alert to symptoms such as bloating, diarrhea, and unexplained weight loss.

Monitoring after treatment initiation should focus on clinical response rather than repeat fecal elastase testing, which is not a reliable indicator of treatment efficacy. Per the AGA's Best Practice Advice, markers of successful PERT include reduction in steatorrhea and gastrointestinal symptoms, weight gain, improved muscle mass and function, and normalization of fat-soluble vitamin levels (A, D, E, and K). Baseline measurements of BMI, quality of life, and fat-soluble vitamins should be obtained at diagnosis, along with a baseline DEXA scan repeated every one to two years given EPI's association with metabolic bone disease.²

"Once we start to supplement the patient with pancreatic enzymes, you see that the symptoms very, very quickly start to resolve... as soon as you start to take the enzymes, the symptoms very, very fast start to improve," said Gelrud.

Whitcomb DC, Buchner AM, Forsmark CE. AGA clinical practice update on the epidemiology, evaluation, and management of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency: expert review. 

. 2023;165(5):1292-1301. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2023.07.007

Capurso G, Traini M, Piciucchi M, Signoretti M, Arcidiacono PG. Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency: prevalence, diagnosis, and management. 

. 2019;12:129-139. doi:10.2147/CEG.S168266

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Strategic Alliance Partnership

Diagnosing and Managing Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency, With Andres Gelrud, MD

Patrick Campbell is the editorial director of HCPLive. Patrick has spent years spearheading coverage surrounding cardiometabolic health and rheumatic disease for MJH Life Sciences. Before joining MJH Life Sciences in 2019, he spent time as a beat reporter and/or multimedia specialist with the Pocono Record, Star News Group, and NJ Advance Media. He is the executive producer for multiple HCPLive podcasts, including Diabetes Dialogue, Don't Miss a Beat, Kidney Compass, Medical Ethics Unpacked, The Medical Sisterhood, and Skin of Color Savvy. 


Follow him on Twitter @RealPatCampbell or reach him via email at PCampbell@mjhlifesciences.com.

An investigational interleukin-33 (IL-33)–targeting monoclonal antibody, tozorakimab, met its primary endpoint in both the OBERON and TITANIA phase 3 trials, reducing the annualized rate of moderate-to-severe 

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

 exacerbations compared with placebo in a broad patient population, according to high-level results announced by AstraZeneca on March 27, 2026.

According to AstraZeneca, the findings, which have not yet been published in full in a peer-reviewed journal, position tozorakimab as the first IL-33–targeting biologic to demonstrate statistically significant reductions in COPD exacerbations across 2 replicate confirmatory trials.

“These trial results suggest that targeting the IL-33 pathway with tozorakimab delivers meaningful clinical benefit in a trial representing a broad COPD population, independent of smoking status and eosinophilic levels,” said chief investigator of the LUNA program Frank Sciurba, MD, professor of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine at the University of Pittsburgh.

OBERON (NCT05166889) and TITANIA (NCT05158387) are replicate Phase III, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials enrolling adults with symptomatic COPD who had a history of at least 2 moderate or at least 1 severe exacerbation in the 12 months prior to enrollment.

A combined total of 2306 patients were randomized across both trials, irrespective of blood eosinophil count or smoking status, and across all stages of lung function severity.

Participants were required to have received inhaled standard-of-care maintenance therapy for a minimum of 3 months before enrollment. They were subsequently randomized to receive tozorakimab 300 mg administered subcutaneously once every 4 weeks, or placebo, added to their background inhaled therapy over 52 weeks.

The primary endpoint in both trials was the annualized rate of moderate-to-severe COPD exacerbations in the primary population of former smokers. A key secondary endpoint assessed the annualized rate of moderate-to-severe exacerbations in the overall population, which included both former and current smokers.

According to the press release, tozorakimab met the primary endpoint in both OBERON and TITANIA and also demonstrated a reduction in exacerbation rates in the overall population.¹ 

Specific magnitude-of-effect data, including rate ratios, confidence intervals, and 

-values, were not disclosed in the high-level announcement. Tozorakimab was described as generally well-tolerated with a favorable safety profile; detailed safety data were not reported.

Full results are expected to be presented at an upcoming medical meeting, according to AstraZeneca.

Tozorakimab’s Mechanism of Action and Drug Background

Tozorakimab (also designated MEDI3506) is a fully human immunoglobulin G monoclonal antibody binds IL-33, an alarmin cytokine released in response to cellular damage, infection, and environmental stressors.

According to published preclinical and clinical pharmacology data, tozorakimab uniquely inhibits IL-33 signaling through two distinct pathways: the canonical ST2 receptor pathway and the RAGE/EGFR signaling complex, the latter of which is activated by oxidized IL-33. 

This dual inhibitory mechanism is proposed to both attenuate downstream type 2 and non–type 2 inflammation and disrupt the cycle of mucus hypersecretion and epithelial dysfunction implicated in COPD progression.

The  phase 2a FRONTIER-4 trial evaluated tozorakimab in patients with COPD and provided earlier-phase evidence supporting the biological rationale and tolerability profile of this approach. Results from the trial were published in the 

Tozorakimab has received Fast Track Designation from the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of severe viral lower respiratory tract disease in November 2023 and for COPD in December 2024. The agent is also under investigation in a phase 3 trial for severe viral lower respiratory tract infection (TILIA; NCT05624450) and a phase 2 dose-ranging trial in uncontrolled asthma (UMBRIEL; NCT06932263).

Two additional phase 3 trials within the LUNA program remain ongoing. PROSPERO (NCT05742802) is a long-term extension trial enrolling completers of OBERON and TITANIA, with a primary endpoint of annualized severe exacerbation rate over 104 weeks in former smokers. According to AstraZeneca, results are expected in the first half of 2026. 

MIRANDA (NCT06040086) is investigating a more frequent dosing regimen of tozorakimab 300 mg every 2 weeks in a similar population (n=1454), with results also anticipated in the first half of 2026.

Regulatory submission timelines have not been announced. 

AstraZeneca. Tozorakimab met primary endpoint in both OBERON and TITANIA Phase III trials in patients with COPD [press release]. Wilmington, DE: AstraZeneca; March 27, 2026. Available at: 

https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20260327464200/en/Tozorakimab-met-primary-endpoint-in-both-OBERON-and-TITANIA-Phase-III-trials-in-patients-with-COPD

ClinicalTrials.gov. Efficacy and Safety of Tozorakimab in Symptomatic Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease With a History of Exacerbations (OBERON). NCT05166889. Available at: 

https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05166889.

ClinicalTrials.gov. Efficacy and Safety of Tozorakimab in Symptomatic Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease With a History of Exacerbations (TITANIA). NCT05158387. Available at: 

https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05158387.

Singh D, Guller P, Reid F, et al. A phase 2a trial of the IL-33 monoclonal antibody tozorakimab in patients with COPD: FRONTIER-4. 

. 2025;66(1):2402231. Published 2025 Jul 14. doi:10.1183/13993003.02231-2024

Articles

AstraZeneca's investigational IL-33–targeting antibody tozorakimab met its primary endpoint in both the phase III OBERON and TITANIA trials.

COPD

COPD condition center page, resources on the topics of medical news and expert insight into chronic obstructive pulmonary disease can be found. Content includes articles, interviews, videos, podcasts, and breaking news on COPD research, treatment, and drug development.

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IL-33 Inhibitor Tozorakimab Cuts COPD Exacerbations in Phase 3 Trials

 has approved a labeling update for neffy 1 mg (epinephrine nasal spray) eliminating a previous minimum age requirement for pediatric patients, according to an announcement from ARS Pharmaceuticals, Inc. on March 27, 2026. 

The updated indication now permits use of the 1 mg formulation for 

 in any patient who weighs 33 lbs (15 kg) or more, without an age floor. A diversion from the March 2025 approval, which indicated the agent for patients aged 4 years and older meeting the same weight requirment.

"Severe allergic reactions are a major concern in early childhood and parents often delay treatment because they are afraid of hurting their child with a needle-injector or accidentally injecting themselves,” said Nicole Chase, MD, an allergist and immunologist at St. Paul Allergy and Asthma as well as an associate professor of medicine at the University of Minnesota Medical School. “Having a needle-free epinephrine treatment available for anyone who meets the weight criteria is an important step forward, in broadening access, lowering treatment hurdles, and supporting caregivers who are doing everything they can to protect their children.”

According to the company, the revision addresses a clinically meaningful gap, with approximately 25% of pediatric patients in the weight range of ≥33 lbs and <66 lbs who may require epinephrine are younger than 4 years of age.¹ For this subset of patients, the prior label had excluded access to the 1 mg nasal spray formulation solely on the basis of age, independent of weight-based dosing rationale.

 epinephrine nasal spray (neffy); nonselective adrenergic agonist; needle-free intranasal epinephrine formulation

 Emergency treatment of Type I allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, in adult and pediatric patients weighing ≥33 lbs

 FDA supplemental labeling approval removing minimum age requirement (previously ≥4 years) for epinephrine nasal spray 1 mg in pediatric patients weighing ≥33 lbs and <66 lbs

 Clarified sniff-after-dosing management; freeze-thaw use permitted; temperature excursions up to 122°F acceptable; storage in blister pack or carrying case recommended

The FDA's action constitutes a supplemental labeling approval, updating the prescribing information for epinephrine nasal spray 1 mg to remove age criteria from the indication. The drug remains indicated for emergency treatment of Type I allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, in adult and pediatric patients who weigh 33 lbs or greater.

The 1 mg dose is specified for patients weighing ≥33 lbs and <66 lbs (15 kg to <30 kg), and the 2 mg formulation remains the recommended dose for patients weighing 66 lbs (≥30 kg) or more.¹

Additional label revisions approved concurrently include updated guidance on several practical use scenarios. The revised labeling clarifies if a patient inadvertently sniffs after nasal administration, clinical management proceeds the same as without sniffing, and if symptoms improve within 5 minutes, a second dose is not required. 

The label also now permits use of epinephrine nasal spray if accidentally frozen and subsequently thawed, and specifies brief temperature excursions up to 122°F are acceptable.¹ These updates may have practical implications for real-world storage and use, particularly in school, childcare, or outdoor settings.

The company also announced updated storage recommendations, advising  epinephrine nasal spray be carried in its original blister packaging or in a dedicated carrying case. ARS Pharmaceuticals indicated it currently provides a carrying case—designed to hold two devices—at no charge, and plans to include one with each prescription carton beginning in summer 2026.¹

Anaphylaxis is a rapid-onset, potentially fatal systemic hypersensitivity reaction requiring immediate epinephrine administration. Type I allergic reactions, which include anaphylaxis, can be triggered by foods, insect stings or bites, medications, exercise, and other allergens, and may progress to life-threatening cardiovascular and respiratory compromise within minutes.¹

Epinephrine remains the only FDA-approved first-line treatment for anaphylaxis. Despite this, adherence to carrying prescribed epinephrine and willingness to administer it in an emergency remain problematic at a population level. According to data cited by ARS Pharmaceuticals from the IQVIA MIDAS database, approximately 20 million individuals in the United States have been diagnosed and treated for severe Type I allergic reactions over the past 3 years, yet in 2023 only 3.2 million filled an active epinephrine auto-injector prescription.¹ Of those, approximately half did not consistently carry their device, and among those who did carry it, more than half either delayed or failed to administer it when needed.¹

Needle fear, device complexity, and concerns about accidental self-injection have been cited in published literature as contributing factors to delayed or withheld epinephrine administration. The availability of a needle-free delivery route has been proposed as a potential strategy to address these barriers, though the clinical equivalence of intranasal versus intramuscular epinephrine delivery, particularly in very young children, warrants continued scrutiny.

Epinephrine nasal spray was developed as an intranasal formulation designed to deliver epinephrine via the nasal mucosa without the need for injection. The product received its initial FDA approval for the emergency treatment of Type I allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, in adult and pediatric patients weighing ≥33 lbs, with the original 1 mg label specifying a minimum age of 4 years for pediatric patients in the lower weight tier.¹ The 2 mg formulation is approved for patients weighing ≥66 lbs.

The removal of the age restriction from the epinephrine nasal spray 1 mg label represents an incremental but potentially meaningful regulatory step, particularly for families of children under 4 years who fall within the approved weight range. Weight-based dosing is well-established in pediatric pharmacology, and the FDA's decision to align the indication with weight criteria alone, rather than maintaining a combined weight-and-age threshold, reflects a biologically coherent approach to dosing in this population.

“This is a major advancement for the families with small children who live with the constant worry of severe allergic reactions in their youngest children,” said Richard Lowenthal, Co-Founder, President, and CEO of ARS Pharma.

ARS Pharmaceuticals, Inc. ARS Pharmaceuticals Receives FDA Approval to Remove Age Requirement From neffy® 1 mg (epinephrine nasal spray) Label. GlobeNewswire News Room. Published March 27, 2026. Accessed March 27, 2026. 

https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2026/03/27/3263722/0/en/ARS-Pharmaceuticals-Receives-FDA-Approval-to-Remove-Age-Requirement-From-neffy-1-mg-epinephrine-nasal-spray-Label.html

Campbell P. FDA Approves 1 mg neffy Nasal Spray for Pediatric Anaphylaxis. Hcplive.com. Published March 6, 2025. Accessed March 27, 2026. 

https://www.hcplive.com/view/fda-approves-1-mg-neffy-nasal-spray-for-pediatric-anaphylaxis

The FDA has approved a labeling update for 1 mg epinephrine nasal spray  permitting use in any patient weighing 33 lbs or more.

Allergy

Allergy condition center page is a comprehensive resource for clinical news and insights on allergic and inflammatory diseases. This page consists of interviews, articles, podcasts, and videos on the research, treatment and development of therapies for food and seasonal allergies, as well as allergic asthma and related conditions.

Anaphylaxis

The HCPLive anaphylaxis page is a comprehensive resource for clinical news and insights on acute allergic reactions. This page consists of interviews, articles, podcasts, and videos on the research, treatment and development of therapies for preventing anaphylaxis, and more.

FDA Removes Age Requirement for Epinephrine Nasal Spray, Now Based on Weight Alone

Linda Stein Gold, MD
Credit: Henry Ford Health

A post-hoc pooled analysis of 2 pivotal phase 3 trials evaluating tapinarof cream 1% (Vtama) in patients with moderate to severe 

 demonstrated statistically significant improvements in disease severity and itch beginning as early as week 1 of treatment, including in pediatric patients as young as 2 years of age. 

“The new findings from this analysis demonstrate significant improvements across key clinical endpoints, including reductions in disease severity and itch, as early as week 1,” said Linda Stein Gold, MD, director of Clinical Research and Division Head of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, in a press release from Organon. “Seeing these positive outcomes in many patients across the study, especially since 80% of the trial participants were children, highlights the potential of [tapinarof] cream to address common symptoms, such as itch, early in the treatment course and provides healthcare providers with an evidence-based option to help manage the disease.”

The data originated from ADORING 1 (NCT05014568) and ADORING 2 (NCT05032859), 2 randomized, vehicle-controlled, double-blind, 8-week phase 3 pivotal trials conducted as part of the ADORING clinical development program for tapinarof in atopic dermatitis. The pooled analysis presented at the 

2026 American Academy of Dermatology (AAD) Annual Meeting

 in Denver, Colorado, was a post-hoc sub-analysis of combined data from ADORING 1 and ADORING 2.¹

Adults and children aged 2 years and older (N=813) with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis were randomized to tapinarof cream 1% or vehicle applied once daily for 8 weeks. The primary and key secondary endpoints included the validated Investigator Global Assessment for Atopic Dermatitis (vIGA-AD), the Eczema Area and Severity Index 75 (EASI75), and the Peak Pruritus Numerical Rating Scale (PP-NRS).¹

According to study results, statistically significant improvements versus vehicle were observed across all 3 endpoints as early as week 1.¹

At week 1, a vIGA-AD response, which was defined as clear (score of 0) or almost clear (score of 1) with a ≥2-grade improvement from baseline, was achieved in 5.8% of tapinarof-treated patients versus 1.6% in the vehicle group (

=.0315). By week 8, the vIGA-AD response rate was 45.9% versus 15.9% (

EASI75 response at week 1 was achieved in 9.0% of tapinarof-treated patients versus 3.3% receiving vehicle (

.0164), increasing to 57.4% versus 22.1% at week 8 (

Meaningful itch improvement, defined as a ≥4-point reduction in PP-NRS score among patients with a baseline score of ≥4, was observed in 18.8% of tapinarof-treated patients at week 1 versus 11.3% in the vehicle group (

=.0128), and in 59.3% versus 33.5% at week 8 (

Additionally, the analysis reported that 96.9% of patients in the tapinarof arm achieved any measurable EASI improvement from baseline at week 8.¹

With regard to safety, the investigators reported that the treatment was well tolerated. Treatment-emergent adverse events occurring in ≥3% of any group included folliculitis, headache, upper respiratory tract infection, and nasopharyngitis. 

The full prescribing information for tapinarof in the atopic dermatitis indication lists upper respiratory tract infection, folliculitis, lower respiratory tract infection, headache, asthma, vomiting, ear infection, pain in extremity, and abdominal pain as the most common adverse reactions (incidence ≥1%).¹

Tapinarof is a first-in-class, non-steroidal, small-molecule aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonist. 

According to the prescribing information, its mechanism involves modulation of the AhR pathway, which plays a role in skin barrier function and inflammatory signaling. It is formulated as a 1% topical cream applied once daily and carries  approvals from the US Food and Drug Administration for both plaque psoriasis in adults and atopic dermatitis in adults and pediatric patients aged 2 years and older.¹

The post-hoc, pooled, sub-analysis design warrants interpretive caution. Post-hoc analyses are hypothesis-generating rather than confirmatory, and while the underlying ADORING 1 and ADORING 2 trials were prospectively powered and conducted under controlled conditions, the combined subanalysis was not a pre-specified primary endpoint analysis. These findings should be viewed as supportive and contextualizing, rather than as new primary efficacy evidence.

Several limitations should be noted. As stated above, this was a post-hoc pooled analysis, and its findings are exploratory rather than confirmatory in nature. Additionally, the 8-week treatment duration of the ADORING 1 and ADORING 2 trials limits conclusions about long-term efficacy maintenance; the ongoing ADORING 3 open-label extension (48 weeks) may provide more durable data, though it lacks a vehicle control arm. 

“In treating atopic dermatitis, our goal as healthcare providers is to find therapies that deliver fast and clinically meaningful skin clearance and itch reduction, and a favorable safety profile,” Stein Gold remarked. 

Organon. Organon Debuts New Analysis of VTAMA® (tapinarof) cream, 1%, Phase 3 Pooled Data Demonstrating Early and Consistent Skin Clearance and Itch Improvement in Atopic Dermatitis Patients Down to 2 Years of Age. Business Wire. Published March 27, 2026. Accessed March 27, 2026. 

https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20260327556082/en/Organon-Debuts-New-Analysis-of-VTAMA-tapinarof-cream-1-Phase-3-Pooled-Data-Demonstrating-Early-and-Consistent-Skin-Clearance-and-Itch-Improvement-in-Atopic-Dermatitis-Patients-Down-to-2-Years-of-Age

Silverberg JI, Eichenfield LF, Stein Gold L, Arjona Ferreira JC, Bissonnette R. Efficacy and safety of tapinarof cream 1% once daily monotherapy in adults and children with atopic dermatitis: pooled results from ADORING 1 and 2. Presented at: American Academy of Dermatology Annual Meeting; March 27-31, 2026; Denver, Colorado.

https://www.organon.com/product/usa/pi_circulars/v/VTAMA/vtama_pi_ppi_combo.pdf

A post-hoc analysis of phase 3 trials found tapinarof cream 1%  produced skin clearance and itch relief as early as week 1 in patients aged 2 years and older.

Atopic Dermatitis

Atopic Dermatitis condition center page, audiences can find a variety of coverage mediums for medical news and updates, including articles, video interviews, podcasts, and breaking news on dermatitis research, treatment, and drug development.

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Tapinarof Cream Clears Skin, Eases Itch Within 1 Week in Kids as Young as 2 Years

Shared decision-making around initiating targeted therapy, key safety considerations for avapritinib, and core efficacy and safety findings from the 6‑month randomized phase of the PIONEER trial.

Targeted Therapy in ISM: Shared Decision-making, Safety, and Early PIONEER Data

Initiation of targeted therapy in indolent systemic mastocytosis (ISM) requires nuanced shared decision-making that incorporates symptom burden, prior treatment history, comorbidities, and patient preferences. The first step is to optimize conventional mediator-directed therapy; only when patients remain significantly symptomatic despite well-structured regimens should a tyrosine kinase inhibitor be considered. Because avapritinib does not eradicate the disease clone but substantially lowers mast cell burden and improves symptoms, it is generally anticipated to be a chronic therapy. Patients should therefore be counseled regarding the likelihood of long-term use and the potential for symptom and lesion recurrence upon discontinuation.

Safety is a critical component of these discussions. Avapritinib carries a contraindication in patients with severe thrombocytopenia (platelet count <50 × 10^9/L) owing to a risk of intracranial hemorrhage observed in earlier, higher-dose studies in advanced systemic mastocytosis. Notably, such events were not seen in the indolent population treated at lower doses in ISM trials, where baseline platelet counts are, by definition, within normal limits. Cognitive adverse events, including memory and concentration difficulties, were likewise reported at higher doses in advanced disease but have not emerged as a significant signal in ISM at the approved dose. These historical data nonetheless inform risk–benefit conversations and underscore the importance of individualized monitoring strategies.

The phase 2 PIONEER study, reported in a randomized, placebo-controlled design over 24 weeks, established the efficacy and safety of avapritinib 25 mg once daily in patients with ISM. Participants receiving avapritinib experienced significant reductions in validated symptom scores—the primary endpoint—as well as meaningful decreases in mast cell–related biomarkers, including serum tryptase, bone marrow mast cell burden, and KIT D816V allele fraction. In this video segment, Akin reviews these findings and highlights how the PIONEER trial’s short‑term results laid the foundation for longer-term extension studies that further characterize the durability of benefit and safety profile of avapritinib in chronic ISM management.


Video Series

Christopher Kramer, MD, FACC, is the current president of the American College of Cardiology.

Kramer, the president of the American College of Cardiology, discusses the organization’s recent movement to adapt rapidly growing AI technology to clinical care.

Cardiology

Cardiology condition center page is a comprehensive resource for clinical news and insights on cardiovascular and cardiometabolic diseases. This page consists of interviews, articles, podcasts, and videos on the research, treatment and development of therapies for heart disease and cardiovascular events, as well as associated diabetes, renal failure, and more...

Artificial Intelligence in Cardiology: The ACC’s Implementation Pipeline, With Christopher Kramer, MD, FACC

Akl Fahed, MD, MPH, Interventional Cardiologist at Massachusetts General Hospital and Instructor in Medicine at Harvard Medical School.

Fahed explains how a multi-ancestry metabolic poly genetic risk score from over 8.5 million individuals points to the utility of global collaboration in genetic research. 


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Type 2 Diabetes

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Multi-Ancestry Genetic Risk Score Shows Value of Global Collaboration in Metabolic Disease, With Akl Fahed, MD, MPH

New research identifies dietary epitopes driving oral tolerance, offering insight into Treg responses, early exposure, and future food allergy therapies.

Food Allergy

Dietary Epitopes Drive Oral Tolerance, With Jamie Blum, PhD

Experts discuss therapeutic switching in patients already on biologic therapy and adherence challenges specific to oral agents.

Managing Established Patients: Switching, Adherence, Spontaneous Remission, and Treatment Duration

Experts address how quickly clinicians should escalate from antihistamines to step-up therapy and examine remibrutinib's clinical trial data on speed of response.

Antihistamine Escalation, Time to Step-Up, and Remibrutinib's Rapid Onset of Action 

Bhatt shares his thoughts on the recently released dyslipidemia guidelines, highlighting the return of goal-based LDL-C therapy and Lp(a) receiving a COR 1 suggestion.

Dyslipidemia

Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease

Updated ACC/AHA Dyslipidemia Guidelines Incorporate LDL-C Goals, Lp(a) Focus, With Deepak Bhatt, MD, MPH

Allergist-immunologist at Yale New Haven Hospital

Su emphasized how care should be shifted to reflect known impacts of NNAALs on obstetric care.

The Case for Delabeling NNAALs in Obstetric Care, With Chang Su, MD

Gerlud explains why exocrine pancreatic insufficiency is often missed, even in high-risk patients. 


Why Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency Is Frequently Underdiagnosed, With Andres Gelrud, MD

Piotr Witkowski, MD, PhD, is a professor of surgery in the Transplantation Institute at the University of Chicago.

Witkowski discusses the data presented at ATTD 2026, highlighting the investigative anti-CD40L monoclonal antibody in facilitating insulin independence.

Type 1 Diabetes

Tegoprubart Improves Glycemic Control Following Islet Transplantation for T1D, With Piotr Witkowski, MD, PhD

Julia W. Angkeow, a PhD candidate and former research technologist at Johns Hopkins Medicine

Angkeow discusses a recent study finding that PhIP-Seq analysis links diverse IgG responses to food allergy phenotypes.

Latest News

Diagnosing and Managing Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency, With Andres Gelrud, MD

IL-33 Inhibitor Tozorakimab Cuts COPD Exacerbations in Phase 3 Trials

FDA Removes Age Requirement for Epinephrine Nasal Spray, Now Based on Weight Alone

Tapinarof Cream Clears Skin, Eases Itch Within 1 Week in Kids as Young as 2 Years

Targeted Therapy in ISM: Shared Decision-making, Safety, and Early PIONEER Data