Allergist-immunologist at Yale New Haven Hospital

Why De-Labeling NNAALs Should Be Routine Obstetrics Care, With Chang Su, MD

With maternal non-narcotic analgesic allergy labels significantly associated with eclampsia (aRR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.06–2.12), preterm birth (aRR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.14–1.28), NICU admission (aRR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.10–1.25), and neonatal withdrawal syndrome (aRR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.24–1.84) across a California birth cohort of 2,244,210 singleton livebirths, the case for integrating allergy de-labeling into routine obstetric care is compelling.

American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI)

 2026 Annual Meeting held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from February 27 to March 2, with Chang Su, MD, allergist-immunologist at Yale New Haven Hospital, who conducted the research during her time at University of California San Francisco, she situated the NNAAL findings within a broader de-labeling effort already underway in obstetrics. Her group has had significant success with beta-lactam allergy de-labeling in collaboration with OB and primary care colleagues — driven in part by prior data showing that penicillin allergy labels, like NNAALs, divert patients away from first-line therapy, in that case for Group B streptococcal infection around the time of delivery. Approximately 90% of patients with a beta-lactam allergy label do not have a true allergy on formal evaluation, with emerging data suggesting the true negative rate may be even higher. A similar dynamic appears to apply to NNAALs: one prior study found that approximately 85% of patients carrying such a label can ultimately tolerate NSAIDs, suggesting a substantial proportion of the 10,460 NNAAL-carrying mothers in the SABLE cohort may have been unnecessarily restricted from first-line analgesics and aspirin-based preeclampsia prevention.

Critically, Su emphasized that de-labeling is not an all-or-nothing proposition. For patients who cannot be fully cleared — due to the nature of their prior reaction — a formal allergy evaluation can still produce a concrete, individualized action plan specifying dose thresholds and tolerable agents. In the context of preeclampsia prevention, for example, a patient who cannot tolerate the recommended 162 mg aspirin dose may still safely receive 81 mg, a clinically meaningful alternative that would otherwise go unprescribed without specialist input. Su described ongoing efforts to expand this model beyond beta-lactams to other drug classes — including NNAALs — and stressed that the referral pipeline from OB-GYN colleagues is central to making de-labeling scalable as a component of routine prenatal care.

“For example, for preeclampsia prevention, aspirin 162 milligrams is often recommended. But for certain patients, perhaps they can tolerate 81 milligrams based on the types of reaction that they had. And if we can prove that, then perhaps we can't get them the most recommended therapy, but we can get the second best of them,” Su said.

Su has no relevant disclosures to report.

1. Su C, Baer R, Otani I, Schatz M, Chambers C. The relationship between maternal non-narcotic analgesics allergy labels and maternal and fetal outcomes: results from a large, administrative cohort. Presented at: AAAAI 2026 Annual Meeting, February 27-March 2, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Abstract #L24

2. Non-Narcotic Analgesics Allergy Labels Linked to Adverse Maternal and Fetal Outcomes. News release. AAAAI. February 26, 2026. 

https://www.aaaai.org/about/news/news/2026/narcotic

Videos

Su discussed the role of delabeling non-narcotic analgesic allergy labels in obstetrics care.

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Mercedes Martinez, MD, is a professor of pediatrics and medicine, medical director of the intestinal transplant program at the Center for Liver Disease and Abdominal Organ Transplantation, and medical director of the pediatric abdominal organ transplantation program at NewYork-Presbyterian.

Expanding Maralixibat for Rare Cholestatic Liver Diseases: Cholestatic Pruritus Explained

For patients with rare cholestatic liver diseases, pruritus is a debilitating, often underrecognized symptom that can severely disrupt sleep, daily function, and quality of life. Frequently worsening at night and with heat or activity, it remains difficult to measure and does not reliably correlate with standard biomarkers like bile acids or bilirubin. As awareness grows and new therapies are being studied, there is increasing urgency to better recognize and more effectively treat this overlooked but life-altering burden.

, Mercedes Martinez, MD, a professor of pediatrics and medicine at CUMC, highlighted both the clinical burden of cholestatic pruritus and the growing promise of targeted therapies like maralixibat.

One of the central challenges, Martinez explained, is the lack of objective tools to quantify pruritus severity. Unlike laboratory markers such as bilirubin or bile acid levels, itch does not reliably correlate with measurable disease parameters. Some patients with markedly elevated bile acids report little to no pruritus, while others with only moderate elevations experience debilitating symptoms, a disconnect that can lead clinicians to underestimate the true burden of disease.

“That right there is a problem. We don't have an objective assessment of how much pruritus somebody can feel. It's a feeling, and because it's a feeling, sometimes people try to downplay it, and physicians don't recognize that this is a problem,” she explained. “Sometimes, when we don't understand something and we don't have an objective assessment or something, we try to downplay that.”

The consequences for patients, particularly children, can be profound. Martinez described cases of severe, relentless itching that disrupt sleep, limit physical activity, and significantly impair quality of life. In extreme instances, patients scratch to the point of bleeding or engage in harmful behaviors in an attempt to relieve symptoms. Pruritus is often worse at night, exacerbated by heat or physical exertion, and may go underreported because patients normalize the sensation over time. As a result, more proactive and specific questioning by clinicians is essential to fully capture symptom burden.

From a mechanistic standpoint, she says the role of bile acids is central. The body typically recycles approximately 95% of bile acids through reabsorption in the terminal ileum. In cholestatic disease, impaired bile acid handling contributes to symptom development.

Therapies that interrupt this recycling process can therefore help reduce pruritus. While older treatments such as bile acid sequestrants are poorly tolerated, newer ileal bile acid transporter (IBAT) inhibitors like maralixibat offer a more targeted approach by blocking bile acid reuptake and lowering systemic levels.

While it is already approved for conditions such as Alagille syndrome and progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC), where pruritus is a hallmark feature, Martinez noted that the underlying mechanism of cholestatic pruritus is shared across multiple liver diseases, suggesting broader therapeutic potential. In clinical practice, off-label use has shown benefit in conditions such as primary sclerosing cholangitis and biliary atresia, though access remains limited due to lack of formal approval.

She noted that this is where the ongoing EXPAND trial becomes critical. By evaluating maralixibat in a wider population of rare cholestatic liver diseases, the study aims to establish both efficacy and safety beyond its current indications. According to Martinez, expanding approval could alleviate not only the clinical burden of pruritus but also the financial and access barriers faced by families.

Ultimately, improving recognition of pruritus and broadening access to effective therapies may significantly transform care for patients living with these challenging conditions.

Editors’ Note: Martinez reports no relevant disclosures.

Brooks A. FDA Approves Maralixibat (Livmarli) Tablet for Alagille Syndrome, PFIC. HCPLive. April 14, 2025. Accessed March 24, 2026. 

https://www.hcplive.com/view/fda-approves-maralixibat-livmarli-tablet-alagille-syndrome-pfic

Mirum Pharmaceuticals. Mirum Pharmaceuticals Completes Enrollment in Phase 3 EXPAND Study of LIVMARLI® (maralixibat) in Additional Rare Cholestatic Liver Diseases. March 16, 2026. Accessed March 24, 2026. 

https://ir.mirumpharma.com/news/news-details/2026/Mirum-Pharmaceuticals-Completes-Enrollment-in-Phase-3-EXPAND-Study-of-LIVMARLI-maralixibat-in-Additional-Rare-Cholestatic-Liver-Diseases/default.aspx

Martinez discusses unmet needs in pruritus management and maralixibat’s potential to expand treatment of itch across rare cholestatic liver diseases.

Hepatology

Expanding the Reach of Maralixibat in Rare Cholestatic Liver Diseases, With Mercedes Martinez, MD

Alex Hillenbrand is an assistant editor for 

. She earned her BA in English from Lafayette College in 2023 and went on to write for pop culture, entertainment, and sports media outlets before joining MJH Life Sciences in 2025. In her free time, Alex enjoys cooking, going on walks, and meeting new people. Contact her at mjhlifesciences.com.

Recently, the American College of Gastroenterology (ACG) issued 24 new clinical recommendations for diagnosing, managing, and preventing hepatic encephalopathy (HE).

For diagnosis, the guidelines recommend against using ammonia alone to diagnose MHE/CHE or guide treatment decisions, against ordering routine brain imaging in cirrhosis patients with confusion unless there are new focal neurologic deficits, and advise always screening for mimics, including sleep apnea, alcohol-related conditions, and mild cognitive impairment.

For treatment, lactulose remains first-line, titrated to 2–3 soft bowel movements daily using the Bristol Stool Scale. PEG (4L) is a reasonable alternative to lactulose in acute OHE. Rifaximin should be added to lactulose in acute OHE, don't wait for lactulose to fail, and should be started 14 days before elective TIPS and continued for at least 6 months.

For nutrition, the guidelines recommend against protein restriction, noting it worsens outcomes, and target 1.2–1.5 g/kg/day protein, or up to 2 g/kg/day in critically ill patients. A late-night snack is recommended, as is BCAA supplementation if protein needs cannot be met through diet alone. Exercise is beneficial despite transient ammonia rises.

For discharge and follow-up, medication reconciliation at discharge is essential, with a review of opiates, benzodiazepines, gabapentin, PPIs, and sleep aids. All patients should receive written and oral advice against driving within 3 months of an OHE episode, and caregivers should be screened for burnout.

For transplant, living donor transplant should be considered for patients with multiple HE episodes even if MELD is below 15, and adding 4–5 MELD points more accurately reflects true 90-day mortality risk in these patients.

These guidelines experts utilized the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) process to evaluate evidence quality, additionally highlighting additional key concept statements.

HCPLive spoke with an expert who helped formulate the guidelines, Jasmohan Bajaj, MD, MS, Professor of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition at Virginia Commonwealth University and Richmond VA Medical Center in Richmond, VA.

: This is the first major ACG update on hepatic encephalopathy in a couple of years. From your perspective, what are the most practice-changing updates clinicians should be aware of right away?

: Thank you for shining a spotlight on hepatic encephalopathy, and we are so happy that the college was also able to commission this guideline. The most practice-changing updates are: The first is that minimal or covert hepatic encephalopathy is an entire pre-clinical stage that is often not only ignored but confused for actual hepatic encephalopathy — we are missing things such as dementia, alcohol effects, or obstructive sleep apnea, and falsely diagnosing overt hepatic encephalopathy. Comorbid conditions are important. Ammonia has been given a lot of importance as the sole diagnostic and prognostic marker, and we need to get away from that. Ammonia should be one of many things, if at all, that informs our decision on whether someone has hepatic encephalopathy and how well or badly they're doing. Inpatient management of hepatic encephalopathy is critical, we want to make sure patients do not develop aspiration pneumonia, that they get treated very quickly, and that they are not discharged too soon before they and their family members are able to understand what actually happened and what the risks of recurrence are. We also added a concept called social infrastructure, because hepatic encephalopathy is not only a disease of the patient, it's a disease of the entire family and their ecosystem. A lot of these patients are not being counseled appropriately or to the extent that we are comfortable they understand the need for medications, medication affordability, and other details that require a deep social insight into what the patient and their family members are feeling. Prevention of recurrence is also important, ensuring patients have good contacts through apps, and making sure patients are not overdosed on lactulose. We often have blanket ways of prescribing lactulose, which frequently has very adverse GI side effects, causing some people to stop taking it prematurely. We have recommended use of the Bristol Stool Scale, which tells you the quality of stool and not just the quantity, giving control back to patients and their caregivers to judge how much lactulose they actually need to take. Initiating rifaximin for secondary prophylaxis has not changed but remains important. And last but not least, ensuring these patients are connected to someone who can consider them for a liver transplant, particularly patients with recurrent hepatic encephalopathy episodes but a low MELD score, for whom living donor transplant should be considered.

: Despite these updated recommendations, where do you see the biggest unmet needs in HE, whether in diagnostics, therapeutics, or care delivery, and what should clinici ans watch for next?

 The important unmet needs are the underdiagnosis of covert or minimal hepatic encephalopathy, because those patients are still suffering, and we need to ensure we have the ability to exclude other comorbid conditions that our patients are unfortunately already prone to. The other unmet need is ensuring that patients are discharged properly — that the discharge handoff after an inpatient hepatic encephalopathy episode is done to the point where we are comfortable that the patients, their family members, and everyone involved understands what happened. This is very unique to each medical system, so one size does not fit all. And last but not least, ensuring that these patients get a fair shake when it comes to liver transplant — because with every hepatic encephalopathy episode, the brain develops further injury. Time is brain in hepatic encephalopathy as well, and we have to come up with ways to diagnose hepatic encephalopathy that can satisfy transplant boards to give patients extra points or consideration for a living donor transplant.

Are there any other aspects of the guidelines you'd like to highlight — perhaps around nutrition or the role of ammonia testing — that clinicians may still be getting wrong in practice?"

 I'd like to speak to both ammonia and protein. On nutrition, patients with cirrhosis are usually protein deficient, and even though they might be obese, they could be sarcopenic, meaning they have less functional muscle available to help improve systemic inflammation and clear ammonia from circulation. We want to use a combination of careful nutrition and exercise to ensure sarcopenia is addressed, and that means absolutely no protein restriction. The proteins with the least ammoniagenesis are typically vegetarian and dairy proteins compared to red meat, but you have to see what the patient actually eats, and that's where knowledge of social infrastructure comes in. What the patient can afford is also important. Another important point for the prevention of sarcopenia is a late-night snack — a mixture of carbohydrates and protein that prevents muscle loss overnight, because patients with cirrhosis have problems with gluconeogenesis during fasting. On ammonia, while ammonia is central to the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy, where things get lost in translation is figuring out whether ammonia levels drawn from venous or arterial blood accurately reflect the stage of confusion or hepatic encephalopathy the patient is in, and whether checking them repeatedly adds anything beyond what we already know clinically. Patients with cirrhosis need ammonia levels checked very infrequently, if at all, and those levels should be interpreted in the light of your clinical judgment. In other words, no one who is alert and oriented with cirrhosis should be treated just for a high ammonia level, you should be treating the patient, not their lab value.

Bajaj reports relevant disclosures with Bausch/Salix, Grifols, Cosmo, and others.

Bajaj JS, Jakab SS, Jesudian AB, et al. ACG Clinical Guideline: Hepatic Encephalopathy. 

https://doi.org/10.14309/ajg.0000000000003899

‌ACG Hepatic Encephalopathy Guideline Summary - Guideline Central. Guidelinecentral.com. Published 2026. Accessed March 24, 2026. 

https://www.guidelinecentral.com/guideline/5115195/#section-5115242

Articles

The updated ACG hepatic encephalopathy guidance reframes diagnosis around clinical assessment and exclusion of mimics, de-emphasizing ammonia and avoiding routine neuroimaging absent focal deficits. Treatment emphasizes rapid inpatient stabilization, lactulose titrated by stool quality, early rifaximin co-therapy, and peri-TIPS prophylaxis. Nutrition prioritizes preventing sarcopenia with adequate protein, late-night snacks, and selective BCAA use, supported by exercise. Discharge planning is positioned as a core intervention, including medication reconciliation, driving restrictions, caregiver support, and earlier transplant consideration despite low MELD.

ACG's 24 new HE recommendations tackle ammonia testing, lactulose titration, protein intake, and transplant criteria for cirrhosis patients.

Gastroenterology

Gastroenterology condition center page is a comprehensive resource for clinical news and insights on digestive and GI conditions. This page consists of interviews, articles, podcasts, and videos on the research, treatment and development of therapies for 

, IBS and IBD, Crohn's disease, and more.

ACG Issues New Hepatic Encephalopathy Guidelines For Diagnosis, Treatment, Nutrition, and Transplant, With Jasmohan Bajaj, MD, MS,

Xiao Xiao, PhD, from the Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Center at Fudan University.

Chronic Pain, Depression Linked Through Hippocampal Remodeling, With Xiao Xiao, PhD

can alter the hippocampal structure, increasing the risk for 

This study, led by Fudan University investigators Ming Ding and Shitong Xiang, examined how chronic pain affects the hippocampus, integrating human neuroimaging data from the UK Biobank and rodent models of neuropathic pain. Chronic pain particularly altered the dentate gyrus, known for tasks related to memory, spatial orientation, and spatial navigation.

“Chronic pain and depression are not simply 2 conditions that happen together, but may be linked through a structural process,” explained Xiao Xiao, PhD, from the Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Center at Fudan University, in an interview with 

. “Microglia are directly involved in shaping this process. From a clinical perspective, these [findings suggest] that [the] development of depression in chronic pain patients may depend on how the brain responds and adapts… so the depression is not a fixed consequence. This opens a possibility [of identifying] earlier changes before the condition becomes fully established.

Early stages of chronic pain were associated with increased hippocampal volume and improved memory and learning.

 Over time, hippocampal shrinkage occurs, coinciding with cognitive decline and depression- and anxiety-like behaviors.

Preclinical work suggests that overactive newborn neurons in the dentate gyrus trigger microglia to remodel neural circuits.

 Diminishing neuron activity can reduce depressive-like symptoms but may impair cognition. Targeting microglia, rather than neurons, can protect cognition while preventing depression and anxiety, making microglia a potential therapeutic target.

Xiao emphasized that resilience and vulnerability in patients with chronic pain are dynamic states rather than fixed outcomes.

“Our findings suggest that resilience is not simply the absence of symptoms, but also an active process in which these brain circuits remain adaptive regulation under this system and distress or pain,” Xiao said. “In other words, some individuals are able to sustain functional plasticity…. while others transition more rapidly into [a] maladaptive sedation state. This shift may reflect the differences [in] how neural systems, such as [the] hippocampus, respond to this long-lasting pain clinically. This helps explain how and why these patients [with] similar levels of pain can have very different emotional outcomes.”

Ding M, Xiang S, Zhang Y, et al. From chronic pain to depression: Neurogenesis-driven microglial remodeling in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. 

Know Your Brain: Dentate Gyrus. Neuro Scientifically Challenged. Accessed on March 23, 2026. 

https://neuroscientificallychallenged.com/posts/know-your-brain-dentate-gyrus

Study reveals chronic pain reshapes hippocampus, driving depression risk. Microglia may be a therapeutic target, says Xiao.

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Accelerated 5×5 rTMS Matches Standard Protocols in TRD, With Andrew Leuchter, MD

New data showed accelerated repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) may offer a time-efficient alternative to conventional protocols for 

 delivering treatment in as little as 1 week rather than the standard 6-week course.

“We know enough to know that accelerated treatment works very well,” investigator 

Andrew Leuchter, MD, a professor and director of the neuromodulation division at UCLA TMS Clinical and Research Service, told 

. “I think the major thing that's holding us back from doing accelerated treatment more is just the fact that insurance companies will not reimburse for it. Medicare will pay for up to 2 sessions per day, but no more. What we need is for insurance companies to step up and allow us to be reimbursed for between 5 and 10 sessions per day, and I think that once the reimbursement is in place, you'll see accelerated treatment move up the list of treatment options.

In a retrospective analysis of 175 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), investigators compared an accelerated “5 × 5” approach (n = 40), consisting of 5 sessions per day over 5 consecutive days, with a conventional once-daily rTMS protocol (n = 135). Both groups experienced clinically meaningful reductions in depressive symptoms, with no statistically significant difference in overall improvement between protocols (

Mean Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) scores declined from 17.68 to 10.98 in the accelerated group and from 17.83 to 8.97 in the conventional group by the end of treatment. Response rates were 37.5% in the accelerated cohort and 58.5% in the conventional group, whereas remission rates were comparable at 22.5% and 24%, respectively.

The analysis identified variability in response timing. While some patients experienced early improvement during the 5-day accelerated protocol, others demonstrated delayed benefit. Among initial non-responders in the accelerated group, depressive symptoms improved by 36% at 2 to 4 weeks post-treatment (

 =.001), highlighting the importance of follow-up when assessing treatment efficacy.

In his interview, Leuchter emphasized that predicting response to rTMS remains a key clinical challenge. Commonly considered factors, such as illness severity, duration of disease, and prior treatment failures, have not reliably differentiated early from delayed responders. As a result, clinicians currently lack robust tools to guide patient selection or set expectations regarding treatment trajectory.

The study also contributes to ongoing efforts to optimize stimulation parameters. Investigators evaluated prolonged intermittent theta burst stimulation (piTBS), increasing pulse delivery from the standard 600 pulses to 1800 pulses per session. Leuchter noted that this higher-dose approach may enhance therapeutic benefit while maintaining brief treatment sessions of approximately 9 minutes.

“What we really need to do is to compare different kinds of stimulation in head-to-head studies and to identify what is going to be the most effective form of stimulation,” Leuchter said. “Right now, this prolonged intermittent theta burst, where we have a little bit longer session, looks like it's very effective. When I say a little bit longer, it's still only a 9-minute treatment session, so it really doesn't take that long, but it can be tremendously effective.”

Leuchter’s reported disclosure includes Abbott Laboratories.

Apostol MR, Valles TE, Corlier J, et al. Efficacy of 5 × 5 accelerated versus conventional repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for treatment-resistant depression. J Affect Disord. 2026;403:121345

Derman C. Accelerated Deep TMS Matches Standard Outcomes in TRD in 6 Days. HCPLive. Published March 18, 2026. Accessed on March 18, 2026. 

https://www.hcplive.com/view/accelerated-deep-tms-matches-standard-outcomes-trd-6-days

Accelerated rTMS shows comparable efficacy to standard care, with delayed response in some patients and no clear predictors of early benefit.

Pamela B. Morris, MD, is a professor of medicine in Cardiology and the Paul V. Palmer Chair of Cardiovascular Disease Preventionat the Medical University of South Carolina. 

Trials show most heart supplements don’t lower LDL or prevent events; learn why omega‑3s, vitamins and red yeast rice fall short of statins.

Dyslipidemia

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Cardiology condition center page is a comprehensive resource for clinical news and insights on cardiovascular and cardiometabolic diseases. This page consists of interviews, articles, podcasts, and videos on the research, treatment and development of therapies for heart disease and cardiovascular events, as well as associated diabetes, renal failure, and more...

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New lipid guidelines sharpen LDL goals for diabetes, HIV, CKD, cancer survivors and seniors, highlighting statins’ power and shared decisions.

Lipid Management in Special Populations from 2026 Dyslipidemia Guidelines

New lipid guidance brings back LDL targets by risk, pairing percent reduction with absolute goals—and explains why lower is better.

Behind the Guidelines: Embracing LDL Goals in Dyslipidemia Management

New US guidance spotlights one-time lipoprotein(a) tests and ApoB targets to uncover hidden heart risk and fine-tune lipid therapy.

Expert Insights: Lp(a) and ApoB in the 2026 Dyslipidemia Guidelines

New guidance shows how risk enhancers and coronary calcium scores refine statin decisions, including handling incidental CAC on routine CT scans.

Understanding the 2026 Dyslipidemia Guidelines: CAC Scoring, Risk Enhancers, & Incidental CAC

New ACC/AHA lipid update explains PREVENT risk equations, updated thresholds, and when to start statins or CAC scoring to prevent heart attacks.

Understanding the 2026 Dyslipidemia Guidelines: New Risk Tools for Management

Linda Stein Gold, MD, is a dermatologist at Henry Ford Health. 

Experts reveal plaque psoriasis gaps: stubborn scalp, nails and joints, payer hurdles, and why early systemic therapy aims for lasting remission.

Addressing Unmet Needs in Plaque Psoriasis

Experts explain treat-to-target psoriasis care, aiming for near-clear skin, when to switch or add therapy, and why remission may reduce risks.

Redefining Treatment Success in Psoriasis

Diana Isaacs, PharmD, is an endocrine clinical pharmacist, director of Education and Training in Diabetes Technology, and codirector of Endocrine Disorders in Pregnancy at the Cleveland Clinic.

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This episode features discussion around 3 recent announcements from Novo Nordisk, Eli Lilly, and Structure Therapeutics. 

Type 2 Diabetes

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Diabetes Dialogue: GLP-1 RA News & Updates in March 2026

In this Q&A, Linda Stein Gold, MD, shares her views on the clinical significance of icotrokinra's FDA approval and the data leading to this approval.

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Latest News

Why De-Labeling NNAALs Should Be Routine Obstetrics Care, With Chang Su, MD

Expanding the Reach of Maralixibat in Rare Cholestatic Liver Diseases, With Mercedes Martinez, MD

ACG Issues New Hepatic Encephalopathy Guidelines For Diagnosis, Treatment, Nutrition, and Transplant, With Jasmohan Bajaj, MD, MS,

Chronic Pain, Depression Linked Through Hippocampal Remodeling, With Xiao Xiao, PhD

Accelerated 5×5 rTMS Matches Standard Protocols in TRD, With Andrew Leuchter, MD